Pythagoras Essays (621 words) - Ancient Greek Philosophers

Pythagoras Born between 530-569 B.C. Pythagoras of Samos is described as the first pure mathematician. Pythagoras father was Mnesarchus of Tyre and Pythais of Samos. Mnesarchus was a merchant who was granted citizenship after he brought corn to Samos during a famine. The citizenship was an act of gratitude. There are accounts that Pythagoras traveled widely with his father, even back to his fathers home, Tyre and Italy. During these travels Pythagoras was educated by Chaldaeans and learned scholars in Syria. Little is known about Pythagoras physical attributes because of the large number of fictitious descriptions. The only description that is taken as fact is a birthmark that Pythagoras had on his thigh. Pythagoras had three brothers. I well educated young man Pythagoras played the lyre. This musical education later contributed to Pythagoras doctrines and mathematical studies Pythagoras had many teachers but one of the most important of those teachers was Pherekydes who is described by many to be the teacher of Pythagoras. Between the ages of 18 and 20 Pythagoras studied under Anaximander and he contributes that his astronomy was the natural development of Anaximanders. In about 535 BC Pythagoras traveled to Egypt, a few years before Polycrates took over his home town of Samos. While in Egypt Pythagoras visited many temples and entered into the priesthood at Diopolis. Pythagoras would use the customs that he learned at Diopolis in the founding of his philosophical society. Till the day he died he would practice the secrecy of Egyptian priests and strive for purity. After Persia invaded Egypt in 525 BC Pythagoras was taken in captivity and brought to Babylonia. In 520, after the death of Cambyses II and Polycrates, Pythagoras returned home to Samos. There is no explanation for the release of Pythagoras from Babylonia or any evidence that the death of Polycrates and his return were connected. Darius of Persia had taken control of Samos at this time. After founding a school in Samos, Pythagoras left for southern Italy (518 BC). Pythagoras founded a school of religion and philosophy in Croton. Followers known as the mathematiki surrounded Pythagoras. The mathematiki lived at the school, had no possessions and were vegetarians. Pythagoras himself taught the mathematiki. Both women and men were permitted to become members of the Society.. The outer circle of the society was known as the akousmatics, these people lived in there own houses and only came to the Society by day The Society practiced utter secrecy and communalism, making it hard to distinguish Pythagorass work from that of his followers. This makes Pythagoras actual work unknown. Pythagoras believed that everything was and is numbers. He is famous for his geometry thermo (A2 + B2 = C2 or the Pythagorean Therom). Although the Babylonians knew this almost 1000 years earlier Pythagoras may have been the first to prove it. . Pythagoras argued that there were three times of men, common to the three classes of strangers who come to the Olympic games. The lowest are those who by and sell, then those who compete and finally the best of all are those who simply watch. Pythagoras is the originator of numerology or the use of numbers to tell the future. His work influenced other great philosophers such as Plato and the doctrine of the tripartite soul. Pythagorass teacher, Pherekydes died in Delos in 513 BC. The was society destroyed by a neighboring factor but Pythagoras fled to Metapontium . It is said that he returned to rebuild and the society thrived and split into different fractions. The society was later destroyed and suppressed after becoming political in nature. The exact year of Pythagoras death or the cause of death is unknown. Philosophy Essays

How to Write a Definition Essay on the Biocultural Approach to the Climate Change

How to Write a Definition Essay on the Biocultural Approach to the Climate Change If you are tasked with writing a definition essay on the biocultural approach to the climate change, your goal is to use the aforementioned topic and its contents in support of a unique definition of one word of your choosing (don’t forget to look at the suggested topics on the biocultural approach to the climate change). The word can be an abstract, broadly sweeping concept which you define based on the writings or book you have studied in class. For example: you might want to define â€Å"sustainability†. This word is one which you are likely to come across in your readings multiple times, but is something tangentially related to the topic of climate change. When studying the climate change and its impact, you might reflect upon sustainable options for improvement in different biocultural areas, or how people can incorporate sustainable growth which mitigates the negative impact of climate change. But with that, your goal is to focus your entire essay on defining that single word in a unique fashion. The Pre-Writing Phase When defining your word, you should: 1) Think creatively, think about all possible explanations or definitions of the word. Reflect upon how you saw it used in your reading, or how multiple authors have used it in their publications. 2) Review different authors who have covered that topic so as to glean a better, more comprehensive idea or understanding about the word (you can also check out our facts on the biocultural approach to the climate change to have a better grasp on the definition). 3) Reflect upon what it means to you personally. Remember that your goal here is not to present a dictionary definition of the word but rather, to create your own definition supported by evidence. For example: if you have selected â€Å"sustainability†, take a moment to reflect upon what that means to you. Does sustainability mean that an action or set of actions can be repeated by many people across a village, and therefore has to be something simple and teachable? Does sustainability mean something that mitigates negative impacts wrought on certain environments, such as crop rotation to bring back into the soil elements which were taken out during the last harvest? Does sustainability mean something that coincides with Mother Nature as she has been since before mankind, and therefore translate directly into farming or dietary practices that coincide with the natural cycles of the Earth? The Writing Phase Once you have reflected and done your research, it is time to sit down and draft your outline. The outline can take any form you choose. You might consider a bullet point list with short phrases to guide your writing or a Roman numeral list that has comprehensive sentences, topics, and transitions. Figure out what organizational method works best for you and use this as a time to play around with the organization of your piece until you find what best suits your subject matter. Once that is done, you just have to write out the draft based on your outline. The Post-Writing Phase With the draft ready, it is time to edit the content, organization, and flow. This is a big picture type of review which should be followed by a red-pen style proofread for sentence level errors.

SWOT analysis of HP Inc Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

SWOT analysis of HP Inc - Essay Example , the company is able to easily enter into a business partnership with multi-national companies such as in the case of Starbucks in terms of using HP’s Wireless Connection Manager software for the Wi-Fi access of Starbucks’ clients. (Weinschenck, 2002) Aside from having good and loyal customer reputation in terms of patronizing HP’s PC-related products, the company continuously improves its global distribution network over the years. (BNET, 1998) By enhancing its global distribution network, the company is able to easily distribute its product and services across the world. Thus, strengthening the company’s ability to increase its annual sales and profitability. Since 1999, HP continuously exerted extra effort in protecting its product and services through the U.S. intellectual property law. (HP, 2008a) By actively registering its newly innovated products and brand name under patent and trademark, the company is highly HP’s Storage Division falls short of its client’s expectations. (Maitland, 2004; Vance, 2004) For this reason, the company has experienced a 5% decline in revenue because of HP’s server and storage division. Likewise, this causes the company’s share to fall down from $19.10 to $16.28 back in 2004. (Vance, 2004) HP continuously innovate new product and technology to satisfy the needs and wants of its target consumers. (Hoffman, 2007) Aiming to increase the business opportunity of HP, the company has recently designed and marketed a universal printer driver in order to increase its competitive advantages over other brands. In order to overcome the company’s weaknesses, HP entered into merger with Compaq in order to improve its storage division. (Stammers, 2004) In the process, HP should take it as a challenge to improve its Server and Storage Division by changing its existing storage landscape. (Maitland, 2004) Failure of HP to immediately act upon its weaknesses imposes a significant threat over its annual revenue and

Implication of Bad Managerial Ethics in Enron Term Paper

Implication of Bad Managerial Ethics in Enron - Term Paper Example On the other hand, the failure of a business venture can be attributed to upholding unethical values such as deception and complacency. Ethics can be understood well by paying special attention to the Enron scandal. This paper discusses the implications of unethical practice. It begins by bringing out the unethical practices that occurred at Enron and the implications. To begin with, the Enron scam, unearthed in 2001, eventually caused the collapse of Enron, an Energy Corporation based in the United States and the complete closure of an accounting and re-organization firm called Arthur Andersen. Apart from being the mega insolvency reorganization in the history of the United States during that time, Enron was also regarded as the huge audit failure. Enron problems owe their origin to Jeffrey Skilling, who created a group of executives that used accounting loopholes, specific purpose entities and negative financial reporting to hide huge amount of dollars in the form of debts that cam e from scrupulous deals as well as projects (Swartz & Sherron, 2004). Chief Financial Manager Andrew Fastow together with other managers not only confused Enron’s management board and accounts committee on highly vulnerable accounting practices, but also forced Andersen to overlook the issues (Collins, 2006). Shareholders lost eleven billion dollars (Schein, 2005), when the price of stocks at Enron that had gained a peak of ninety dollars per share as of mid 2000, dropped by less than one dollar by the close of 2001.The United States Securities and Commission of Exchange started an inquiry, and rival competitor from Houston, Dynergy wanted to buy the firm at a subsidized price. The deal collapsed, and in2001, Enron petitioned for insolvency under chapter eleven of the US Bankruptcy Law (Cruver, 2003). Furthermore, the implication was that many managers at Enron Corporation were arrested for a several charges and later put behind bars. The auditor at Enron, Arthur Andersen, wa s proven guilty by a District Court in the US. However, when the decision was rescinded by the United States Supreme Court, the firm had lost many customers. Workers and shareholders got limited returns from lawsuits, despite forfeiting billions in form of pensions as well as stock prices. As a result of the scam, new rules and laws were passed to increase the validity of financial communication for public firms. The unethical events that took place at Enron included embracing a culture which regarded innovation coupled with unlimited ambition to be vital factors that produced good returns within a short time. However, this theory focused on the short term aspect rather than long term whereby achieving maximum profits becomes cumbersome. This forces employees to bend the rules until the limitations of ethics are ignored in the quest for success (Toffler & Jennifer, 2004). It is worth noting that Enron enjoyed a lot of success initially by raking in a lot of earnings as well as cash flows. Therefore, in order to maintain this trend they resorted to join a faulty network of partnerships and also employed questionable auditing procedures. Enron managers thought that it was the best path for the organization. The crucial question that comes out of this initiative is whether it was ethical for the executives to pursue that course. In my view, it can be said that to some extent it was given the fact that the company realized a lot of earnings. However, to a large extent the behavior depicted by the executives of Enron constituted the highest violation of ethical values since it is responsible for the collapse of Enron. In addition, my

Microsoft Baseline Security Analyzer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Microsoft Baseline Security Analyzer - Essay Example So my plans are to find out what error is preventing my firewall form being able to be scanned. I will also take protective measures in establishing password expirations for my user accounts. Overall, I’m not surprised at the results of my security assessment due to the fact that I’m the only user of this computer, and I exercise safe practices while using it, and I only use it on an as needed basis. MBSA is multi-threaded and has the capacity to scan a whole domain and extensive address range within a short time frame. One MBSA system can operate a scanning process in a few seconds to several minutes; however, this depends on the number of user machines. A lot of time is usually taken in scanning for weak passwords when utilizing MBSA machines. Such tests involve checking empty passwords together with common password dimensions such as: The name of the machine, user name, and administrator. In order to avoid frequent checking of passwords, it is pertinent to scan a person’s premises more often. When the weak passwords are not tested or checked, the option for testing (Checking) passwords for Windows accounts as well as SQL accounts are disabled (Fahland and Schultze, 2010). Majority of users log on to computers or in to remote computers through utilization of a combined user name and a password keyed into the keyboard. In spite the fact that there exist various alternative technologies meant for authentication ranging from; smartcards, biometrics as well as instant passwords, a good number of organizations to some extent continue to rely on traditional passwords; this is projected to continue for sometime. It is therefore imperative that organizations formulate and implement password policies to guide the use of their computers such as the use stronger passwords. Such passwords possess the required level of complexity characterized by the character facets and the length dimensions. This feature makes it hard to hard such passwords.

Industry Analysis of Furniture Market

Industry Analysis of Furniture Market Nidhi (ABM 11032), Abhishek Ranjan Besra (PGP 29368), Nikhil Madan (PGP 30323), Poem Kabra (PGP 30329), Anurag Kumar (PGP 30302), Nivaak Shah (PGP 30325), Ruchi Shah (PGP 30341) FURNITURE IMPORTS IN INDIA The furniture imports in India has maintained a significant growth in past years. The key factors leading to increase in imports in India are increasing housing and commercial construction, increase in income level and influence of global lifestyle on urban population of India which tempts them to move towards the imported furniture. Earlier the European furniture was the major contributor in furniture import in India but from past few years a major portion of furniture is imported from China alone. During July 28, 2014 to August 28, 2014, India imported wooden furniture worth USD 1,626,772 followed by Italy and United States which exported furniture wood worth USD 348,207 and USD 254,712 respectively. The import data for this one month can be shown in pie chart as below: Wooden Furniture- Major Supplier Countries by Value (in USD) during July’14- August’14 (Source:www.infodriveindia.com/furniture-wood-import-data.aspx) The furniture imports in India have increased upto 64% over the period of five years from 2001 to 2005. The increase in the furniture imports is shown in the graph below: Furniture Imports in India during 2001-2006 Source: http://www.ibef.org/download/Furniture_170708.pdf) LABOUR VS OUTPUT According to law of Diminishing Marginal Returns, the increase in one input beyond a certain limit keeping others fixed will lead to decrease in productivity. In furniture industry, the analysis of diminishing marginal returns was done by considering the labour involved in the manufacturing of table. A normal table in a dealer’s shop in Delhi, Godrej Dealers, costs Rs. 2000. The production of a table requires 2 labours. If 5 carpenters are allotted to produce one table, the productivity increases but if the labour input goes beyond 5, there is a fall in productivity of table furniture. The analysis can be shown in the graph below: (Source: Survey, Godrej Dealers) DEMAND ESTIMATION (Organized sector) To estimate the demand we have taken demand as a dependent variable and other factors like price of products, substitutes and income level as independent variable. Two hypothesis were taken; Null hypothesis: There is no relationship between independent and dependent variable and Alternative hypothesis: There is a relationship between independent and dependent variable. If one of the hypothesis is rejected other will be automatically accepted. For organized sector the demand function which is developed has Price of the wooden furniture (P), Income levels of consumers (I), Price of the metal/fibre furniture (P1) as independent variable and Expenditure of wood (Q) as dependent variable. Demand function Q= (P, I, P1). The primary data of price has been collected from Godrej dealers of the Godrej Company. Income levels were collected from CMIE reports. All the primary data are constrained to Delhi. To develop Goodness of fit, the function has been assumed to be liner and regression analysis has been done to estimate the demand. After regression analysis, following model is obtained: Q= 6773.461317- 0.3281P+ 0.02705 I + 11.7609 P1 R2= 0.699, Adjusted R2= 0.548 Coefficient of P- Price of the wooden furniture is –ve Coefficient of me-Income level of consumers is + ve Coefficient of P1- Price of substitutes (metal/fibre) is +ve The above results shows a bit more than a moderate relationship between dependent and independent variable. According to the value of R2, 69% of the demand variation is explained by the variation of the price of the products, income level and price of the substitutes. Others factors which are not taken into account into above model should be government policies regarding cutting and selling tress and woods, import of woods etc. The above coefficient of independent variable gives us the result which is related to microeconomic theory. It clearly states that the demand (Q) falls with rising prices of main product and rises with rising income levels and prices of substitutes. Fig no. †¦.: Organized sector Regression fit quantity Price of product keeping ceteris paribus Fig no. †¦.: Organized sector Regression fit quantity income keeping ceteris paribus Hypothesis testing: By using the value of obtained value of t-stat and P-values the above mentioned hypothesis will be tested. Table no. :†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Here, we have considered level of significance to be 5% i.e ÃŽ ±= 0.05 and degree of freedom to be n-k-1, where n: no. of observations = 10 and k: no. of independent variable= 3 Hence, we get t (ÃŽ ±, n-k-1) which is t (0.05, 6). From statistical table (t distribution) the calculated t- value is 1.943. Findings: Table no:†¦.. According to the data independent variables like P and I doesn’t show any significant impact on Quantity demanded (Q) apart from variable P1 which is significant. This kind of result is obtained mainly because of less number of data. FUTURE OUTLOOK RECOMMENDATIONS As the furniture industry in India is largely unorganized and fragmented, it provides immense opportunities to domestic and global players. The main reason for increase in demand for furniture is on account of increasing purchasing power of the consumers, change in the lifestyle, increasing urbanization and availability in tier II and III cities. For increasing the product availability, organized furniture manufacturers are also getting into tie-ups with E-commerce retailers. The furniture retail chains are also focusing on increasing their presence in tier II III cities. â€Å"India Furniture Market Forecast Opportunities, 2019†, estimates the country’s furniture market will grow at a CAGR of around 26% during 2014-19.Western region is likely to be the highest revenue contributor in the furniture segment, followed by southern region as there are a large number of industrial hubs and upcoming infrastructure developments in these regions. Over the next few years, the Indian furniture market is expected to witness increasing consolidation due to growing entry of international companies as a result of the government’s 100% FDI approval into the country’s furniture industry. As a result, the share of small and mid-sized furniture players largely forming the unorganized sector is expected to fall over the coming years. The present market size of online sales in India is at Rs. 200 crore at present and is expected to grow five times to Rs. 1,000 crore by 2016. Certain categories such as coffee tables, bookshelves and shelves in general could be the bestsellers in the near future. This comes with its own limitations as certain items required to be seen and touched, like sofas. It is also believed that it will emerge as the most profitable segment in the e-commerce market.

Kants Humanity Formula Essay -- Kant Philosophy Philosophical Essays

Kant's Humanity Formula   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Few formulas in philosophy have been so widely accepted and variously interpreted as Kant’s injunction to treat humanity as an end in itself†(Hill, 38). Immanuel Kant’s views, as elucidated in his book, Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals, are based on the belief that â€Å"people count† by prohibiting actions which exploit other individuals in order for self-prosperity or altruistic ends. Ethics then, are confirmed by the dignity and worth of the rational agency of each person. Since human beings are the only rational beings capable of decision making and reasonable judgement, humanity must be valued. Kant proposes a test that ensures that humanity is treated with respect, and not used merely as an instrument. To understand how he defines this test, we must first take a look at the foundation of his main principle, the Categorical Imperative. Kant’s way of determining morality of actions is quite different from other philosophers, and many find it extremely hard to grasp or implausible. The central concept of his basic test for morality found in his Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals is the categorical imperative. â€Å"The representation of an objective principle, insofar as it is necessitating for a will, is called a command (of reason), and the formula of the command is called an imperative†(Kant, 24). In other words, an imperative is something that a will ought or shall do because the will is obligated to act in a way in which conforms to moral law. Imperatives can also be referred to as the supreme principle of morality. According to Kant, there are two types of imperatives: hypothetical and categorical. Hypothetical imperatives are actions that look for the best means to a goal, however, the goal might not necessarily be an end in itself. On the other hand, the categorical imperative is an objectively necessary means to an end in itself, and the action to obtain the end, must have moral worth. If we as rational agents, have any morality at all Kant says, it takes the form of rational, categorical imperatives (commands of reason) and is found a priori excluding all interests and desires. These commands of reason are proven by the Universal Law Formula, which when applied, is a method for determining the morality of actions. How is this formula applied though? Kantian philosophy is derived from the belief that ac... ...eir judgement wisely enough to know that lying would create better outcomes in many situations. This essentially, would be a Utilitarian’s argument. Moral actions are based on consequences; ones which increase happiness or positive outcomes. Telling a lie to the murderer to send him astray would save a life, and consequently would be a moral action. Utilitarianism would take into account the future repercussions caused by the lie, but the analysis of an action still lies in the foreseen or predicted consequences rather than on the action’s intrinsic moral value. Morality then, would be judged on a case by case basis. Kant’s perspective refutes this by saying morality loses its value as a universal quality. Although situations change, the basis for acting (morality) must stay the same and actions are moral or immoral, regardless of any immediate consequences. Still, morality is based on constantly changing and often unpredictable outcomes. Kantian philosophy, even interpreted by Kant himself, is overly extreme and the strict application of its principles is too stringent. Although there is no definite foundation to base morality on, the universal law formula is highly implausible. Kant's Humanity Formula Essay -- Kant Philosophy Philosophical Essays Kant's Humanity Formula   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Few formulas in philosophy have been so widely accepted and variously interpreted as Kant’s injunction to treat humanity as an end in itself†(Hill, 38). Immanuel Kant’s views, as elucidated in his book, Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals, are based on the belief that â€Å"people count† by prohibiting actions which exploit other individuals in order for self-prosperity or altruistic ends. Ethics then, are confirmed by the dignity and worth of the rational agency of each person. Since human beings are the only rational beings capable of decision making and reasonable judgement, humanity must be valued. Kant proposes a test that ensures that humanity is treated with respect, and not used merely as an instrument. To understand how he defines this test, we must first take a look at the foundation of his main principle, the Categorical Imperative. Kant’s way of determining morality of actions is quite different from other philosophers, and many find it extremely hard to grasp or implausible. The central concept of his basic test for morality found in his Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals is the categorical imperative. â€Å"The representation of an objective principle, insofar as it is necessitating for a will, is called a command (of reason), and the formula of the command is called an imperative†(Kant, 24). In other words, an imperative is something that a will ought or shall do because the will is obligated to act in a way in which conforms to moral law. Imperatives can also be referred to as the supreme principle of morality. According to Kant, there are two types of imperatives: hypothetical and categorical. Hypothetical imperatives are actions that look for the best means to a goal, however, the goal might not necessarily be an end in itself. On the other hand, the categorical imperative is an objectively necessary means to an end in itself, and the action to obtain the end, must have moral worth. If we as rational agents, have any morality at all Kant says, it takes the form of rational, categorical imperatives (commands of reason) and is found a priori excluding all interests and desires. These commands of reason are proven by the Universal Law Formula, which when applied, is a method for determining the morality of actions. How is this formula applied though? Kantian philosophy is derived from the belief that ac... ...eir judgement wisely enough to know that lying would create better outcomes in many situations. This essentially, would be a Utilitarian’s argument. Moral actions are based on consequences; ones which increase happiness or positive outcomes. Telling a lie to the murderer to send him astray would save a life, and consequently would be a moral action. Utilitarianism would take into account the future repercussions caused by the lie, but the analysis of an action still lies in the foreseen or predicted consequences rather than on the action’s intrinsic moral value. Morality then, would be judged on a case by case basis. Kant’s perspective refutes this by saying morality loses its value as a universal quality. Although situations change, the basis for acting (morality) must stay the same and actions are moral or immoral, regardless of any immediate consequences. Still, morality is based on constantly changing and often unpredictable outcomes. Kantian philosophy, even interpreted by Kant himself, is overly extreme and the strict application of its principles is too stringent. Although there is no definite foundation to base morality on, the universal law formula is highly implausible.

Ethan Frome Lit Crit

Marxism is mainly about money and If you don't have money then your not happy and you will be unhappy because you wont have as much as you would like. The narrator needed a ride to his work and he couldn't find anyone someone told him about Ethan, that he will do anything to make a buck. The narrator asked Ethan and he ended up saying yes because he needed the money. When Ethan came back from law school, for good, his mother hired Keenan to take care of her but then people started talking and he felt obligated to marry Keenan In the end.When Ethane's mother died she was worried about money ND what Ethane's dad had done. Ethan worked In his lumber limb that he had and did anything to get a few bucks here and there. Since Keenan â€Å"always† got sick, since Ethane's mother died, she would spend most of their money to pay for her medical bills and medication. Instead of paying a maid to come and work for them Keenan was able to get Mattie to help her for free because Mattie didn 't have anyone after her parents died except her cousin Keenan. The first time Ethan picked up Mattie to him It felt like love at first sight when they first met her.Even though It was love at iris sight he TLD realize that It was going to be another person to feed even with the little money he was making from the lumber limb. Financially he had to make a way to provide to feed an extra person. Ever since Ethan met Mattie and when they would hang out he felt less stress about money. He kept wanting to leave with Mattie but never could because he couldn't leave Keenan just like that. He was afraid of what people might look at it. If Ethan was able to leave Keenan Just like the man who left his wife for his mistress he would.As much as he wanted to do so he felt bad to leave ere after all he did bring her to the house and now he's Just going to leave her with a house with bills that she couldn't afford to pay and she wouldn't able to sell it. The economy was down in town and people we ren't able to pay for or buy a house. The economy was down to a point where people were barely making it. Jobs were being lost. Some people couldn't afford a lot of food because they needed to have a house. This relates to Ethan From because Ethan was one of those people who couldn't make a lot of money.Ethan had trouble getting Just a little extra cash on the side Just o afford something for themselves. Ethan From Is a good example of Marxism because it shows that people of the lower class are always unhappy unless they have money with them. In this book it tells you that money is what makes people happy. If people didn't have money they would be stressing out and have house situations. The economy is based on money. Money keeps the economy going and when it goes down everybody struggles to make a living. Ethan From showed a form AT Marxism Decease social class. Outnumber ten story people Autocue mainly on money Ana t

amadames essays

amadames essays The main actors and their characters they played are: Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Tom Hulce Antonio Salieri Murray Abraham Mozarts dad Roy Dotrice Mozarts wife Elizabeth Berridde Emperor Joseph II Jeffery Jones The movie Amadeus was based on two composers, Mozart and Salieri. In the begging of the movie Salieri tries to commit suiside. A priest comes to see Salieri to ask him if he has anything to confess. Salieri then begins to unravel the story of Mozart and Salieris life together. Mozart has been a great composer since he was four years old. Salieri on the other hand not as good and would never be as good as Mozart. In the movie you can see how jealous Salieri is of Mozart. Salieris father was against him playing music, and on the other end Mozarts father praised it and insisted on it. Salieri wanted to play music more than anything in the world. One day while in church, Salieri asks God to let him be a great composer and in return he would give him his chastity and write for God. The next day Salieris father died and this was a miracle in Salieris eyes. His family had to go to Vienna where Salieri then became discovered. Salieri worked his way up to the courts and was the Emperors composer. Mozart was to perform for the Emperor, when Salieri got news of this he grew anxious to meet the great composer. He wanted to see what this marvelous composer looked like with all the talent he possessed. The story then goes on about Mozart composing operas and pieces for the Emperor. More and more Salieri was growing to hate Mozart, because he was not as good and realized he would never be. In the middle of the movie Mozart finds out that his father has died. This slowly kills Mozart, he cant write, he drinks more and more, and his relationship with his wife is suffering. Salieri see...

In the context of mental health, how has the Essays

In the context of mental health, how has the Essays In the context of mental health, how has the Essay In the context of mental health, how has the Essay In the context of mental wellness, how has the construct of patient liberty developed and to what extent will the current reform of the Mental Health Act impact this rule? It is a cardinal rule of medical jurisprudence and moralss that before handling a competent patient a medical professional should acquire her or his consent. [ 1 ] Therefore, it is the patient, instead than the physicians, who has the concluding say in relation to the advancement of a certain intervention. This rule which allows the patient to take a certain medical intervention is known as the â€Å"principle of autonomy† . This principle involves complex issues which include: the definition of consent, whether consent demand to be â€Å"informed† and fortunes in which it is allowable to handle patients without their consent. The rule of liberty raises farther jobs in relation to the application of mental wellness jurisprudence, because the jurisprudence permits the detainment and intervention of people who are simply, even if they are competent. [ 2 ] Thus, it seems to be incongruent with the cardinal rule of medical jurisprudence. First, the paper shall discourse the development of the rule of patient liberty and consent in English jurisprudence. Then it will see how the Mental Health Act 1983 addresses these issues. Then it shall turn to how the reforms will impact this rule. Consent serves double intents: it tends to avoid the happening of the peculiar physical hurt the hazard of which the patient is non prepared to take and ensures that a patient’s liberty and self-respect is respected. [ 3 ] Furthermore, it besides seems to hold been established that non-consensual operation on a competent patient could be construed as anguish, or inhuman or degrading intervention which would be a dispute of Article 3 of the European Convention of Human Rights. [ 4 ] By and large, a wellness professional who deliberately or recklessly touches a patient without her or his consent commits a offense ( a battery ) and a civil wrong ( trespass to the individual and/or carelessness [ 5 ] However, such actions of a wellness professional would non be improper, if it fits within one of the legal â€Å"flack jacket† as delineated by the Court of Appeal inRe W[ 6 ] . The flak jackets would protect a wellness professional in three fortunes: ( I ) when the professional obtains the consent of the patient ; ( two ) when the professional obtains the consent of another individual who is authorised to accept on the patient’s behalf ; and ( three ) when the professional’s actions were necessary. If a medical practician can non set up any of the three defense mechanisms so he could incur condemnable and civil liabilities. It seems to hold been established that personal liberty or the right to self finding is of paramount in English medical juris prudence ; and therefore when a competent patient makes it clear that he does non wish to have intervention which is, objectively, in his medical best involvement, it would be improper for a medical practician to administrate that intervention. [ 7 ] Although great weight has been placed on the importance of the right to bodily unity, it has been established that a patient is non entitled to have intervention which he or she wishes. [ 8 ] Thus, it follows that personal liberty is a negative right, i.e. , a right to except a medical professional from interfering with a person’s bodily unity, but it can non make a positive duty on medical professionals to supply a peculiar intervention. In order to appreciate the development of patient liberty, it is submitted that a general treatment in relation to the jurisprudence about consent would be apposite. When a patient is a competent grownup, merely that individual can accept. In English medical jurisprudence, there is no philosophy of consent by placeholder ; therefore, it is non possible for a married woman to give consent on behalf of her hubby. However, it seems to hold been established that a patient can give progress directive which is a papers puting out the interventions that a patient would or would non accept to in the event that he or she becomes unqualified. [ 9 ] The jurisprudence on the medical intervention of incompetent grownups is surprisingly restrictive. Due to the absence of a philosophy of placeholder, a relation can non give consent on an unqualified patient’s behalf. However, a medical practician can supply the intervention which is in the best involvement of the patient. The Mental Capacity Act ( MCA ) 2005 provides certain state of affairss where a individual is entitle do give consent on behalf of person else, viz. , when a competent grownup creates a n digesting power of lawyer which enables its beneficiary to do determinations on that adult’s behalf when he becomes unqualified, and allows the tribunal to name a deputy to take determinations on an unqualified adult’s behalf. For consent to be lawfully effectual, it must be a echt understanding by the patient to have the intervention. Therefore, it is necessary for a medical professional to show that ( I ) the individual is competent ; ( two ) the individual is sufficiently informed ; and ( three ) the individual is non capable to coercion or undue influence. [ 10 ] Section 1 ( 2 ) of The MCA 2005 has established that a medical professional should assume that a patient is competent, unless there is grounds that he or she is non. [ 11 ] If a instance comes to tribunal, the load is on the physician to show that the patient lacks capacity on a balance of chances. [ 12 ] Harmonizing to subdivision 2 ( 1 ) of the MCA, incompetency of a patient is demonstrated by the fact that a patient is unable to do a determination for himself or herself. Inability to do a determination has been defined as inability to understand the information relevant to the determination, retain that information, to utilize that information to make a determination, or to pass on his determination [ 13 ] . The MCA 2005, nevertheless, emphasises that a patient should non be treated as missing capacity â€Å"unless all practical stairss to assist him â€Å"reach capacity has been taken without success† . English jurisprudence does non recognize the philosophy of â€Å"informed consent† which provides that a patient can merely supply effectual consent if given the necessary and relevant information to do a proper determination [ 14 ] . It is sufficient if a patient understands â€Å"in wide footings the nature of the process which is intended.† [ 15 ] If a patient can set up that he or she did non consent to a process because he or she did so merely on the footing of false or unequal information ; [ 16 ] or that she did consent to the process but the medical professional was negligent in non informing her of all the hazards [ 17 ] , so the consent would be negated and the medical professional could liable in condemnable jurisprudence and civil jurisprudence. Finally, even if the first two conditions are satisfied the consent will non be lawfully effectual if it was non given freely. It is rare for this issue to originate and it is hard to show that an evident consent was merely given under coercion or undue influence. [ 18 ] It should be noted that consent does non hold to be in any peculiar signifier as there is no legal differentiation between a written or unwritten consent. Although in the instance of major surgery it is common to inquire a patient to subscribe a consent signifier. [ 19 ] Furthermore, consent is a uninterrupted construct, and therefore a medical professional should obtain consent for each medical process, instead than rely on the fact that the patient has consented to similar processs in the yesteryear. [ 20 ] Finally, consent can be express or implied. For illustration, when a proposes giving an injection and the patient says nil but rolls up her arm and presents her arm to the physician, it would represent an implie d consent because the patient’s behavior would bespeak that she has consented even though she had non expressly said â€Å"yes† . It is submitted that despite the accent on the jurisprudence associating to consent of a patient, the fact that Mental Health Act 1983 allows medical professionals to administrate intervention to mentally ill patients without the consent of a competent person is a cause of concern. The two authoritative justifications for the mandatory detainment of people with mental ailment wellness are by mention to aparens patriaepower in the State to guarantee that people are treated for unwellness when necessary and /or the constabulary power of the State to command people doing injury to others. [ 21 ] Theparens patriaejustification operates on the footing that the State has the right, as parents of the citizens, to take action for the benefit of the citizens, even though the citizens may non comprehend a demand for aid or wish to reject it. However, John Stuart Mill’s articulate logical thinking inEssay on Liberty( 1859 ) [ 22 ] has proven to be a major obstruction for the application of this rule because of his entry that State intervention where the action was designed to â€Å"prevent injury to others† would represent an indefensible intervention on autonomy. Harmonizing to him, the best involvements of the citizen would merely enforce an duty on the State to inform, advice or even remonstrate, but it could non warrant any positive invasion of single freedom by the State. The alternate justification, viz. the constabulary power, states that that State is entitled to interfere with individual’s autonomy where that single nowadays a danger ( or possibly injur y ) to others, and therefore protect others from dangers. In other words, this rule seems to forbid the violation of single autonomy if that is necessary to protect the â€Å"general public† from unsafe mentally sick people or for the protection of the single themselves. It is submitted that these justifications seem incompatible to the jurisprudence and the law that have been developed to guarantee that a patient’s freedom to take medical intervention is non infringed because it gives the State the power to sabotage the person freedom randomly. Therefore, it seems that patient liberty has non been one of the primary concerns in the mental wellness context. This seems to be demonstrated by the fact that that Act allows medical professionals to compulsorily admit patients against their will [ 23 ] and administer intervention which could be construed as anguish or inhuman and degrading intervention. [ 24 ] Under subdivision 2 of the Mental Health Act an application for an admittance for appraisal can be made if the patient suffers form mental upset of a nature or grade which warrants the detainment of the patient in a infirmary for appraisal ( or appraisal followed by medical intervention ) for a limited period ; or such a detainment would be in the involvements of his ain wellness or safety or with a position to the protection of others. Mental upset has been defined in subdivision 1 ( 2 ) of that Act as: â€Å"mental unwellness, arrested or uncomplete development of head, psychopathologic upset and any other upset or disablement of the mind.† Although the statue expressly states that promiscuousness, immoral behavior, sexual deviancy, intoxicant or drug dependence can non be the lone footing for handling person as holding a mental upset, it does non prevent a individual who suffers from a mental unwellness and any of those mentioned upsets from being classified as enduring a m ental upset. Furthermore, the phrase â€Å"nature or degree† has been defined to include a patient whose present manifestation of a serious mental status is non serious. [ 25 ] Thus, subdivision 2 can be invoked to compulsorily acknowledge a schizophrenic patient who was non demoing unsafe manifestation of his status at present but it was likely that he would in the close hereafter. The fact that mandatory admittance relates to instances where the patient poses a hazard to other people and to her or himself seems to integrate the rule ofparens patriaeand State constabularies power to conflict on single rights. Therefore, it seems organize the beginning that the statue provides limited protection of patient liberty. Even if an grownup, capable of giving consent, does non give his consent to the appraisal of his mental status, it is possible for medical professionals to control his autonomy even though he has non caused any injury to other people. The mere fact that a individual could be detained, if there is a hazard of injury of danger seems Draconian ; nevertheless, the fact that admittance under this proviso is capable to some safety step seem to guarantee that people who current conditions do non present a hazard to themselves or others and who is improbable to attest any unsafe conditions are non unnecessarily detained. Safety steps include a maximal time-limit on the figure of yearss a individual can be admitted obligatorily under this proviso, which is 28 yearss ; an process for instance reappraisal by a Mental Health Review court during the first 14 yearss of the detainment ; and a prohibition on disposal of intervention within the assessment period without the consent of the patient, unless there is an immediate and serious danger. InMH V Secretary of State for Health[ 26 ] the House of Lords considered the compatibility of subdivision 2 with the Human Rights Act 1998. Their Lordships opined that the proviso was compatible with the HRA 1998, because the protections were considered to be effectual and the extension of the reappraisal period without judicial blessing did non conflict Article 5 ( 4 ) of the ECHR because it was non required by that article. However, it is submitted that the fact that a individual can be detained even though he has non caused any danger and his current conditions do non demo any manifestations of unsafe inclinations seem to be a misdemeanor of patient liberty because there is no warrant that one time the individual is discharged he will non attest unsafe inclinations. In conformity with the logical thinking of John Stuart Mill, it is submitted such violation of personal freedom is inconsistent with the rule of autonomy. Admission for intervention under subdivision 3 is designed for long-run detainment and it can be invoked if ( a ) a patient is enduring from mental unwellness, terrible mental damage, psychotic upset or mental damage and his mental damage is of a nature or grade which makes it appropriate to have medical intervention in a infirmary ; and ( B ) in the instance of psychotic upset or mental damage, such intervention is likely to relieve or forestall a impairment of his status ; and it is necessary for his personal safety and the safety of others that he should be detained for the disposal of the intervention. [ 27 ] A psychotic upset seems to include a relentless upset or disablement of the head that consequences in abnormally aggressive or earnestly irresponsible behavior. [ 28 ] The significance of the treat-ability, the 2nd component of the subdivision 3, is that if a individual is enduring from a mental upset and there is no intervention that can be offered to better or to forestall a deterioration of a patient’s status, so that patient can non be detained. However, it seems to hold been established that the treat-ability trial would be satisfied if the stabilization or relief of the mental status is likely in due class, if indirect medical aid, such as nursing, attention, rehabilitation, etc. , is likely to enable a patient to obtain insight into his job and go more co-operative which could hold a permanent benefit. [ 29 ] Finally, the last standard is similar to subdivision 2 in that it is a manifestation ofparens patriaeand State constabularies power justifications for violation of single rights. However, the lone difference is that this proviso does non necessitate to be invoked if a patient consents to the intervention proposed by medical professionals. Although it seems that the patient has some liberty because the proviso would non hold to be detained if he consents to the intervention, the fact that he would be detained if he chooses non to accept seems to sabotage patient liberty. In fact, it is submitted that the rule of the right to self finding is undermined by these commissariats, without a sufficient justification. Theparens patriaeand State constabularies power justifications, although of import are non sufficient for the violation of the cardinal rights of single autonomy because it is one of paramount rule of medical jurisprudence and our fundamental law. Britons are entitled to transport out any action that is non expressly prohibited and which does non conflict on another person’s autonomy. Since a hazard of danger does non represent an violation of another person’s autonomy, it is submitted that this proviso is non relative. If an unqualified patient does non accept to intervention, so medical professionals can merely handle him in a manner that would advance his or her best involvement. [ 30 ] However, when a competent patient refuses intervention, intervention can merely be imposed upon them pursuant to Part IV of the Mental Health Act. Section 63 of that Act permits intervention for mental upset and does non empower intervention for physical conditions unrelated to the mental upset. This differentiation between intervention for a mental upset and intervention for other affairs has proven to be hard to explicate. For illustration, inRe KB ( Adult ) ( Mental Patient: Medical Treatment )[ 31 ] it was held that forced eating could be regarded as medical intervention every bit long as that intervention involved handling a symptom of the underlying medical upset. Furthermore, subsequent toNorfolk V Norwich Healthcare ( NHS ) Trust[ 32 ] it seems to hold been established that a sensible sum of force can be u sed to necessitate a patient to undergo intervention which is permitted under subdivision 63. These determinations do non look to be consistent with Article 3 of the ECHR which provides an absolute prohibition on anguish and inhuman and degrading intervention, because enforcing intervention against someone’s will could conflict Article 3. However, the Courts have taken a different sentiment and held that medical intervention of a medical status, if curative necessity with non infringe Article 3. [ 33 ] Thus, it seems that the medical professionals have to â€Å"convincingly† demonstrate that the non-consensual intervention is medically necessary if their actions were non to go against Article 3. [ 34 ] Although subdivision 63 does let look to sabotage patient liberty, it is submitted that the recent law seem to hold tried to better the status. The incorporation of more rigorous standards to warrant the disposal of intervention against someone’s will, look to guarantee that people’s liberty is non infringed unless it is medically necessary. It is submitted that this is a welcome development in the jurisprudence of mental wellness, because it ensures that people are non subjected to intervention that would sabotage their self-respect. Even though this attack is non a positive protection of personal autonomy, it ensures that patient’s organic structures are non violated and therefore it succeeds in protecting the patient’s liberty to decline a intervention, except when there is an clogging necessity for the disposal of intervention. The reform of the mental wellness jurisprudence has been long and painful. The current measure is at the commission phase in the House of Commons. [ 35 ] The intent of the measure had been to amend the jurisprudence associating to mandatory admittance of mentally sick patients, and simplify the definition of mental upset and protect patients and others from any injury that can originate from mental upset. The intents have been criticised on the evidences that the Government is seeking to go through a jurisprudence that would put a batch of accent on public protection and accordingly undermine patient liberty. Nevertheless, the new measure seem to include more elaborate commissariats, and therefore a more defined model, to turn to civil detainment of mentally sick patients. Harmonizing to the measure, a mentally sick patient can merely be treated obligatorily, if they satisfy the five relevant conditions. [ 36 ] These include: ( I ) that the patient is enduring from a mental upset ; ( two ) that upset is of such a nature or grade as to justify the proviso of medical intervention to him ; ( three ) that it is necessary ; ( four ) that the medical intervention can non legitimately be provided to the patent without him being capable to the commissariats of this portion ; and ( V ) that medical intervention is available which is appropriate in the patient’s instance, taking into history the nature or grade of his mental upset and all other fortunes of his instance. Mental upset has been defined as: â€Å"an damage of or a perturbation in the operation of the head or encephalon resulting in any disablement or upset of the head or encephalon. [ 37 ] This fact that this definition does non specify mental upset by virtuousness of its manifestations seems to be a development of the jurisprudence. Furthermore, it has been clarified that intoxicant and drug dependence would non be classified as mental upset. Clause 1 ( 7 ) [ 38 ] has codified the treatment-ability trial and clearly states out what would represent intervention. Necessity is an of import limitation on mandatory disposal of intervention because it ensures that if protection to self or others can be afforded in the community, so detainment can non be justified. Clause 9 ( 7 ) [ 39 ] has been criticised because it seems to be a disproportional usage of province powers, because medical professional can still handle a mentally sick patient under this proviso, even if the patient is willing and able to accept to the intervention. Finally, the Bill has expunged the demand that the intervention will better the patient’s status or prevent it from deteriorating to guarantee that intervention is available to the patient. In decision it is submitted that the reform of the Mental Health Law is welcome, because the commissariats for mandatory detainment under the current jurisprudence seems to basically inconsistent with the impression of patient liberty because it allows medical practicians to confine mentally sick patients without their consent and without the protection of a well defined procedural model. The Reformed jurisprudence is non perfect but at least it is a development as it provides a more defined model for medical professionals if they decide to confine a mentally sick patient against their will. Bibliography Legislation and Bill Mental Capacity Act 2005 Mental Health Act 1983 Mental Health Bill 2004 Cases Appleton V Garrett( 1995 ) 34 BMLR 23 Bartlye V Studd, unreported Chatterton V Gerson[ 1981 ] 1 All ER 257 Chester V Afshar[ 2004 ] UKHL 41 Freeman v Home Office[ 1984 ] 1 All ER 1036. MH V Secretary of State for Health[ 2005 ] UKHL 60. Norfolk V Norwich Healthcare ( NHS ) Trust[ 1996 ] 2 FLR 613 Re B ( Consent to Treatment: Capacity )[ 2002 ] EWCH 429 Re KB ( Adult ) ( Mental Patient: Medical Treatment )( 1994 ) 19 BMLR 144. Re W[ 1992 ] 4 All ER 627, 633 R V Canons Parke MHRT ex p A[ 1994 ] 2 All ER 659. R v Mental Health Tribunal for South Thames Region ex P Smith( 1998 ) 47 BMLR 104. R ( on the application of B ) V Dr S[ 2005 ] EWHC 1939 ( Admin. ) R ( on the application of M ) V Dr M, A NHS Trust and Dr O[ 2002 ] EWHC 1911 R ( on the application of Burke ) V GMC[ 2005 ] 3 FCR 169 R ( on the application of Burke ) V GMC[ 2004 ] EWHC ( Admin ) 1879 R ( on the application of N ) V Dr M A NHS Trust[ 2002 ] EWHC 1911 R V Sullivan[ 1984 ] AC 156, 170-1 R V Tabaussum[ 2000 ] Ll Rep Med 404 Sidaway V Bethlem[ 1985 ] 1 All ER 643 Monograph Herring, Jonathan,Medical Law and Ethical motives, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2006 McHale, Jean and Fox, Marie,Health Care Law, 2neodymiumEd. , Thompson Sweet A ; Maxwell, London, 2007

Scientific Writing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Scientific Writing - Essay Example Obakata and many of her co-authors are part of the research teams of the Riken Center for Developmental Biology in Kobe, Japan. Other Riken researches, however, tried to replicate Obakata’s study and did not find supporting evidence. As a result, it launched an investigation that proved that the research has serious data flaws. Obakata has retracted these two papers from Nature because of allegations of changing data and plagiarism. An investigating committee has found her guilty of fabricating and falsifying data, and she now faces potential dismissal from Riken and losing her doctorate degree. The investigating committee discovered that Obakata may be involved in falsifying and fabricating data. The committee noted that when they studied the DNA images of Obakata’s work, one DNA was spliced from two DNAs. The head of the committee, Shunsuke Ishii, stated: â€Å"The manipulation was used to improve the appearance of the results† (Sample, 2014). Obokata insisted that she only wanted to improve the clarity of the image and not to change the data itself (Sample, 2014). Changing DNA images suggests falsifying data results. In addition, Obakata fabricated data when data inconsistencies are found in her work. She told her co-researcher Teruhiko Wakayama that the green fluorescent protein (GFP) that they used to tag changes in expression of experimental gene is on the 15th chromosome (Cyranoski, 2014). Wakayama tested the mice and found the STAP cells through the GFP in the 18th chromosome (Cyranoski, 2014). Furthermore, the committee noted that Obakata reused data from her dissertation, which also means that she falsified her research by including data that were not part of her original research (Japan Times, 2014). Fabricating and falsifying data are serious accusations, though Obakata stressed that she did not change or add anything to her data (Cyranoski, 2014). Apart from data falsification and

Open Source vs. proprietary solutions. A horror story about IT Essay

Open Source vs. proprietary solutions. A horror story about IT implementation gone bad. Ethical problems with a new Information Technology - Essay Example This software has a calendar, password, notification for coming period and ovulation, it is multi user and it uses multiple languages. One is supposed to feed necessary data in it, for instance when she had sex, took pills, when the period started and when it ended. Long gone are the days when one had to literally mark a calendar which is not as portable as your phone, thus keeping track of your physiological changes was a hectic task. Christians believe that life starts at conception; therefore an abortion is a murderous act that is actually punishable by God. Health complications do result in prescribed abortion so as to save a life, but the leading cause of abortion in the society today is unwanted pregnancy. However, unwanted pregnancies do occur due to unruly sexual habits or ignorance on your body’s state. My day app enables ladies to keep track of their periods and ovulation, this therefore enables them to be responsible in their sexual behavior and it could be used as a family planning strategy for married people. However, the good will of this app’s inventor has been compromised. It is factual that teenagers tend to be more experimental than theoretical. Girls at teenage can use this software to hide their immoral sexual habits. They might become lose and careless since they are assured of not getting pregnant. Therefore, the society will have a difficult time to cope with these teenagers than the situation initially was; since many teenagers were scared of getting pregnant at a tender age, now that the risk is predictable controlling their sexual behavior is a difficult task that parents of this era should learn to leave