Indian Telecom Industry

expenditure War in Indian telecommunicationmunicationmunication labor An academic project submitted by students of eEPSM at IIMK eEPSM -02 student Name Roll Number Amitabh Kumar Patnaik eEPSM-02-003 Balasubramaniam T eEPSM-02-006 Manmeet Singh eEPSM-02-023 Rahul Mishra eEPSM-02-034 Somashekar Lingaraju eEPSM-02-047 fudge of Contents Table of Contents. 2 Exe data trackive Summary. 3Methodology 3 The Indian telecommunications Industry. 3 brisk increment Twist in the Game.. 3 R until like a shotue and harvest-tide.. 4 Beginning of Overcrowding and Price War Industry perspectives on Price War/ F solelying pass judgment. 5 Opinions from Industry Stal state of strugglets and Watchers. 7 3G on the Horizon 8 Growth at Home and Abroad. 8 Conclusions 0 The Indian telecommunication firmament could be leaving the airway way. . 10 Hypothesis on upcoming trends of structure conduct and performance of Industry 10 Who wins who looses? 10 Appendix. 13 promenade 1 Indian Telecom In dustry primeval Milest angiotensin-converting enzymes.. 3 abut 2 India Telecommunication Industry Facts and Figures. 15 represent 3 Subscriber home in Key States.. 15 Exhibit 4 operator bracing radiocommunication subscriber free- rack in India 16 Exhibit 5 slaying of QoS Parameters for Cellular active wait on .. 17 List of References.. 17Executive Summary This register is the depart of an academic case prove an attempt to analyze and conceive the present dynamics of Indian Telecommunication Industry with special boil shine on the Price war in wandering(a) telecom that has overwhelmed the patience. In this study we attempt to look at the causes that crest to the worth war, preserve in that respectof and in addition hypothesize hereafter trends. Methodology Methodology employ for the case study is as fol emits. We con expressionr make a rigid of hypothesis and arrived at key questions which argon employ to gather the selective information virtu in ally the hypothesis. We run through retained hypothesis hich argon supported by the data and expert views and presented the hypothesis and conclusions. The Indian Telecommunications Industry The Indian telecommunication attention, with much or less(prenominal) 506. 04 one one one one meg one million million million million million million active ph cardinal connections (Nov 2009), is the third heroicst telecommunication vane in the world and the second largest in terms of number of radio connections. The Indian telecom manufacturing is unriv each(prenominal)ed of the fastest ontogeny in the world and is projected that India impart wear cardinal plus unstable users by 2015. Projection by just most(prenominal) ahead(p) international consultancies is that Indias telecom ne twainrk leave exclusively overtake Chinas in the a exactlyting 10 ears. Looking at the Industry marked milest angiotensin converting enzymes for last 4 to 5 broad judgment of conviction (Ex hibit 1), 2 issues atomic number 18 obvious energetic Growth and completion that pull up stakes lead to a shake issue so nonp arilr or later. fluent Growth Twist in the Game For the past(a) decade or so, telecommunication activities have gained momentum in India. Efforts have been made from both(prenominal) organisational and non- governingal platforms to enhance the infrastructure. Telecommunication as a engineering science non only serve all segments of Indias culturally diverse society, would lean key role transforming India a nation a techno savvy one.The historic journey and the milestones of Telecom revelation in India have been shown in the Exhibit 1 of Appendix section. Currently, Indias mobile retrieve commercialize is the fastest growing in the world, with companies adding roughly 16. 67 million sensitive customers a month. equitable about of the key drivers to the exponential result of this assiduity are ?A large population ?Low telephony penetration levels ?Rise in consumers in have a go at it and disbursal owing to strong economic exploitation The first and largest operator is the state-owned incumbent BSNL, which is also the 7th largest telecom company in the world in terms of its number of subscribers.BSNL was created by corporatization of the erstwhile DTS (Department of Telecommunication Services), a authorities unit trusty for provision of telephony function. Subsequently, after the telecommunication policies were revised to allow insular operators, companies much(prenominal) as Bharti Airtel , Vodafone, , Tata Indicom, estimation Cellular, Aircel and curl up Mobile have entered the space. In 2008-09, uncouthfied India outpaced urban India in mobile maturement rate. The wire line segment subscriber base stood at 37. 16 million with a decline of 0. 13 million in Nov 2009, The Cellular slatterns Association of India forecasts the countrys mobile auditory sensations ill number one nonificationion by 2013, up from around viosterol million authorizedly, a go off indication that the shift is happening radically to wireless handheld devices on the CDMA and GSM Platforms. This is the key trend across the country, lead by the states which have go through amply commercialization and urbanization (See Exhibit 3) Mobile Subscriber ass in Key States Revenue and Growth The organic revenue in the telecom do sector was Rs. 86,720 crore in 2005-06 as against Rs. 71, 674 crore in 2004-2005, registering a growth of 21%. The total investment in the telecom go sector reached Rs. 00,660 crore in 2005-06, up from Rs. 178,831 crore in the previous fiscal. It is difficult to escort fully the employment potential of the telecom sector barely the enormity of the opportunities can be gauged from the fact that at that place were 3. 7 million semipublic Call Offices in December 2005 up from 2. 3 million in December 2004. The value added serve up (VAS) foodstuff alone within the mobile industry in India has the potential to grow to a whopping $10 billion by 2010. Beginning of Overcrowding and Price War Though Indian telecom commercialise might be growing fast, but survive in this highly competitive market s non halcyon for telecom companies. Liberalization and globalization combined with the market potentiality lead to many an(prenominal) aspirants enter in to the market in less than 7-8 eld leading to a cut throat competition which manifested in a price war. Following is the list of schemes that give noticeled the tariff war in India and matterual(prenominal) manifestation of this was a study decline in the ARPU of the Mobile Telecom Industry itself. Product / Service / Scheme Player Description authority card or Phone call trustingness Reliance Infocomm launched mobile service in India at 40 paise per number fulfilling Dhirubai Ambanis intake o make a phone call cheaper than a raise card in 2003. Chotta Recharge Hutch Hutch (Vodafone now) launched the chotta recharge verifier at Rs. 10 when the lowest add-on recharge card arse aroundtable was about Rs 50. Whats the message? Lowering the price by 20-30% to the competitors wint help much in gaining the market dish out. Think quintuple times cheaper to make an impact. Non-stop Mobile Tata Though the chotta recharge was broadly evaluate , merely there were issues in prepaid mobile. You need to recharge regularly as the validity compass point is limited. With the recharge card of Rs 200, you impart get validity only for one onth. So people have to come out floor at least Rs2000 per year for their mobile just to receive the designate(postnominal) calls. Tata Indicom launched Non-stop mobile, a scheme where you dont need to recharge for 2 eld but clam up get free inward calls. in mindless another(prenominal) players responded to Tata Indicoms forge and then come in living validity plan by all major telecom players in India. modernize Paid for Incoming Virgin Adding logs to the fire Virgin Mobile jumped into the competitive Indian mobile telecom market with the breakthrough-marketing scheme Get paid for incoming calls. 10 paisa free for e precise(prenominal) atomic number 42 of incoming call. hitherto this campaign was not well received. Daily resound allow Reliance Going a step further (what if one does not get any incoming call? ) Reliance Communication launched its GSM services in Mumbai offering subscribers Rs 10 talk-time every day for the first 90 days. Thats free talk-time worth Rs 900 Directly passed on to consumer Per Second kick TATA DOCOMO Taking the bargain to the near level Tata Docomo introduced per second billing 29 Paisa Per Call Uninor A completely new way of pricing plan offers the customer a fixed price for every call irrespective of the duration , hich is aimed at young customers who prefer vast calls VAS and SMS Reliance On November 28, RCom opened another front in the price war SMS ( swindle message service). The comp any unveiled two plans charging one paisa per SMS message. Under the first, customers catch up with Re. 1 a day and are entitled to send an measureless number of free SMS messages. Alternatively, you can buy a Rs. 11 periodic voucher and each SMS message imparting cost just one paisa. VAS and SMS Tata Docomo Tata DoCoMo has been heavily promoting its one paisa per character Diet SMS plan. Now, it is inescapable that they and other competitors will have to match RComs ates. This will not mean a huge drop in revenues consort to estimates, SMS brings in about 5% of total telecom revenues for Indian companies. notwith turn outing companies bottom lines will cool off be affected. The Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) has found that each SMS cost the service providers less than one paisa, while they have been charging customers 60 paise to Re. 1 (depending on the plan). Industry perspectives on Price War/ Falling judge In June this year, Indian telecom service provide r Tata DoCoMo announced that it would bill at the rate of one paisa (around 0. 02 cents) per second. In a market that is fill with many operators and confvictimization options, we will offer simplicity to consumers by organism the countrys near transparent, innovative and liberating telecom brand, said Deepak Gulati, Tata Teleservices president, GSM (global system for mobile communications) clientele. A few months later in folk it unveiled the Diet SMS plan, one paisa per character with no charge for spaces between words. On November 22, it ext stop the one paisa per second plan to roaming services also. When a subscriber is roaming, most telecom operators in India charge a minimum of 50 paise to 60 aise per small, even when the call duration is less than a minute, Gulati said in a press statement. Under the Tata DoCoMo roaming offer, subscribers will be charged only for what he or she uses at one paisa per second. For instance, a 15-second call made or received while roamin g will elicit a charge of 15 paise only not up to Re. 1 on a per minute basis, as is the industry norm. We are responding as we did not have a Choice Bharthi Airtel On October 30, market leader Bharti Airtel took the plunge with the one paisa tariff. In November, it lso cut roaming range to 60 paise per minute for calls within its network and 80 paise per minute for calls to other networks. On November 24, Bharti took its lowered rates overseas U. S. customers using calling cards to make calls to India would also be billed at one paisa per second. The company was not happy about these forced countermeasures and their inevitable impact on profits. The tariff war has not been launched by us, Bharti professorship and managing director Sunil Mittal told journalists at the World Economic Forum meeting in Delhi in early November. We responded as we did not have a choice.We have always said we will neer lead the price war, but responding to the needs of the market is something that ev ery sector and industry has to do. Although Bharti is the market leader, it has never directly pursued market share its focus has been share of industry revenues. A play along shows that it is holding its own. While the telecom sectors revenues and profits have plunged in the pull back ended September 2009, large private operators such(prenominal) as Bharti Airtel, Reliance Communications (RCom), Vodafone Essar, view Cellular and Aircel have all managed to increase heir revenue market share during this period, jibe to the survey narration. Bhartis revenue market share has increased to 29. 3% as of September 2009, compared to 27. 6% in June the homogeneous year, while Vodafone Essar now accounts for 15. 7% of the total earnings of the sector as against 14. 6% in June 2009. Plunging Revenues On the losing side are the public sector telephone companym unwaverings Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd. (BSNL) and Mahanagar name Nigam Ltd. (MTNL). On December 1, however, MTNL laid-off its own salvo by reducing its rates to half a paisa per second for in-network calls and one paisa per second for calls ade outside its network. Our pay-per plan is the most affordable in the industry, said MTNL chairman and managing director R. S. P. Sinha in a press statement when the new rates were announced. The price wars impact on revenues is already chit-chatming. The brutal tariff war that has forced all operators to throw out call rates has also resulted in the sectors sales figures dipping over the past six months despite the addition of 80 million customers in the period. The industry clocked about Rs. 38,755 crore in September 2009, which was lower than the sectors revenues in the quarter ended December 2008, when it recorded Rs. 9,408 crore despite having 125 million fewer customers then. The report notes that 13 operators are fighting for share in a market that many believe can optimally support four or five and four more players are planning to enter the market by nex t year. At this point in time, it is all about grabbing subscribers. Industry revenue growth for the quarter ending September 2009 was 1. 7% quarter-on-quarter (Q-on-Q) and 8. 7% year-on-year (Y-on-Y), substantially lower than subscriber growth at 10. 4% Q-on-Q and 49. 6% Y-on-Y, shows a report by equity research firm Enam Securities. The aggressive ntry by new GSM players has compelled the incumbents to reluctantly join the tariff war to protect their market share. At Vodafone Essar, for instance, service revenues dipped 7% from the June quarter to the September quarter. The EBITDA (earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization) margin is also down from 28. 4% in the first half of 2008-09 to 24% in the corresponding period of 2009-10. The decline in the EBITDA margin was primarily as a result of the expansion into folksy areas and market price reduction offset by scale efficiencies. That this is entirely in line with industry performance as oted by ETIG, Vodafon e has actually done better than most of its competitors on the share-of-revenue metric. Vodafone has also joined the one paisa bandwagon. One paisa per second tariff is one of the several tariff options available to our customers, says Parida. We continue to also offer many per minute tariff options. Our customers can make the choice. Giving a choice is not necessarily pro-consumer. According to Mahesh Prasad, president of RCom, Indian telecom companies combined have 2,700 different billing plans across the country. On October 5, RCom launched a 50 paise per minute plan called Simply Reliance.Under the plan, all calls whether local or long distance, to landline or mobile will cost only 50 paise a minute. Currently, RCom itself has 265 plans. Henceforth there will be just one plan, said Prasad, though older customers will be given a six-month period to migrate. in that location are a couple of other reasons for this phrenetic activity. On November 20, TRAI announced that mobile number portability (MNP) would be introduced beginning on December 31. This allows users to move from one service provider to another or even from one technology to another. More importantly, TRAI said the maximum porting charges would be Rs. 9. This makes operator-hopping quite cheap. MNP will add more pain to the situation, says Mahajan of KPMG. According to a report by Anand Rathi Financial Services, the move will lead to dig rates higher than the current 4. 5% to 8. 0% per month at least in the short run. The level of satisfaction with service providers is low in the Indian telecom space. According to a July Nielsen Mobile Consumer Insights study gauging consumer attitudes and behavior towards mobile operators in India, 18% of Indian mobile phone subscribers plan to change their mobile operator whenMNP is introduced. The study found that contrition rates would be the highest for RCom and Tata Indicom. Opinions from Industry Stalwarts and Watchers Overcapacity is a character istic of bubbles, said Idea Cellular managing director Sanjeev Aga. At the national level, overcapacity implies wasteful deployment of national resources (like spectrum) and just offers falling tariffs temporarily. Since June, the countrys telecom players have been indulging in a price war that had seen tariffs being slashed by a large quantum. afterwards Tata DoCoMo introduced the one-paise-per-second rate, ther competitors have had to follow suit, prompting most companies to attestant a fall in profitability. Analysts too derated telecom stocks post the countrys biggest tariff war that brought down call rates. And, thats not the end. Along with new capacity, competition is expected to rise as new players with deep pockets make a line for what was till last year, one of the Indias fastest growing sectors. Mr Aga said markets tend to be bowelless in working out the sector overcapacity. The greater the overcapacity, the greater the short-term pain. hardly, this is the markets way of separating the efficient rom the inefficient, and restoring balance. The efficient commonly emerge stronger from the test and are unchallengeable, he added. The sectors woes began when the government handed out new licenses to players in 2007, despite not having seemly spectrums. Rekha Jain, executive chairman of the Telecom Centre of Excellence and professor at IIM Ahmedabad, said When the government knew that an operator requires a minimum amount of spectrum (4. 4 Mhz for GSM) to start services, how could it allow everybody to come in? And now, everybody is setting up networks. The government precious competition, but it has created vercapacity, which will lead to consolidation. Banks have added fuel to the fire through indiscriminate lending. Bank and vendor financing is encouraging overcapacity in the sector, despite the fact that new players plans look unsustainable in the long-term, HSBC Securities and swell Markets analyst Rajiv Sharma said in a recent report. Some o f the leading operators are now restructuring their loans, said industry sources. If that continues to be the case, there whitethorn be some bankruptcies in the sector within two years from now, said a top official at a telco on condition of anonymity.A top official at a public sector bank said telecom has received favourable lending because it is an important part of infrastructure. The current state is an aberration and will correct itself, he opined. HSBCs Mr Sharma, however, said The current scenario, with 10-11 players, is unsustainable and a chiding of poor government policies. We are of the view that market with 5-6 players is ideal in the Indian context. He pointed out that even if the entire spectrum were to be made available in India, it would nevertheless be insufficient to cater to all the players. It may be more logical to promote investments in elecom infrastructure, go on rural penetration and rural broadband rather than focus on market structure, he added. 3G o n the Horizon The second big event on the horizon is the launch of 3G (third generation) services next year. The auction for 3G licenses has been delayed. nevertheless the proceeds are needed to trim the fiscal deficit. In his budget, finance Minister Pranab Mukherjee had estimated that Rs. 20,000 crore would come in through the sale of these licenses, so there is enough incentive for the auction to happen during this financial year (ending manifest 2010). The base price for these licenses has now been fixed at Rs. 4,040 piece. Analysts estimate that Rs. 30,000 crore to Rs. 40,000 crore could come in through the sale. The department of telecommunications proposes to hold the auction on January 14, 2010. An apparent escape of interest in the auction for high-speed 3G and broadband wireless gravel spectrum wont stop the government from getting bidders to cough up the silver that it needs to control a burgeoning deficit, according to headache daily Mint. Thats because many potenti al bidders running 2G services, already scrambling for scarce spectrum to carry mobile phone calls, desperately want the additional frequencies that will come with a 3G license. Analysts say this is the very reason why foreign companies dont seem too fire in bidding for the 3G licenses. alien interest in the form of booking in the pre-bid conference has been low probably on account of two factors, says K. Raman, practice head, telecom, media & technology at the Tata Strategic Management Group (TSMG). First, there are restrictive uncertainties with respect to eligibility of 2G spectrum along with a winning 3G bid. Secondly, a pure 3G play may not be attractive for operators and would not make as much business sense as an report on 2G. Adds AlokShende, principal analyst at Ascentius Consulting A standalone 3G service is marvelous to succeed. The business will start with virtually no consumers, unlike the current players who will have the advantage of captive 2G customers. Accor ding to Shende, Indian telecom markets are likely to undergo a tectonic shift with the entry of new licensees, MNP and the launch of 3G services all scheduled in the next one year. New players will nibble at the market share of the incumbents and with regulatory constraints on M&A activity consolidation, a make for that could have cleared the market, will be artificially estrained. The rural markets will continue on their growth trail. Today, only 28% of the subscriber base is contributed by the rural segment. Growth at Home and Abroad The rural market is the other problem area. This is where the growth is but it is also where very little money can be made. Rural markets are still under-penetrated at about 15% so there is still a strong upside merely on customer addition, says Parida of Vodafone Essar. The hitch is that some of the plans dont make money. The average revenue per user (ARPU) is now down to around Rs. 200 a month for the industry.In rural areas, however, it is estimated to be in double digits. It sure enough makes it harder to ensure viability, as the bulk of users are lower-income and less tech-savvy, says Rajesh Chakrabarti, assistant professor of finance at the Hyderabad-based Indian School of railway line (ISB). The most celebrated aspect of the Indian telecom revolution, as well as its prime driver, was the mind-boggling reduction of rates in a short span of time. Competition among private players was most certainly the key for this. But the model seems to have been that high-margin products would subsidize access.It now seems that most Indian users are unlikely to use the more sophisticated and high-margin features for a long time to come. Nor is the typical handset amenable to most such features. So ARPUs are likely to stay low for a long time, and the subscriber may not move beyond the most basic functions. The per-second billing will just worsen the ongoing price war. If looking inwards to rural India doesnt work in terms o f immediate returns, there may be a solution in looking outwards. Indian companies are seek to balance their bets by foraying abroad. If the low-cost model works there, it could bring some relief to the bottom line.The second merger attempt between Bharti and MTN of sulphur Africa may have failed (See Now That the MTN Merger Deal Has Collapsed, Whats Next for Bharti Airtel? ), but the Essar Group (which owns a 9. 9% stake in handbuild Telecom, by from its Vodafone Essar interests) has just bought up Dhabi Telecoms African assets. And the public sector MTNL and BSNL are eyeing Zain Telecom of Dubai. Indian telecom companies are looking at markets outside India to be able to grow revenues at the historical pace they are used to, says Raman of TSMG. The markets that they have attempted to enter are ones here tariffs are relatively high and coming(prenominal) growth through subscriber addition is possible. In other words, replicating an Indian model of telecom growth is possible i n such countries. If execution is handled well, there is no reason to believe that such an approach will not work. Telecom is essentially a business of scale, says Chakrabarti of ISB. So the bigger the scale, the lower the costs proportionately are going to be. Hence, venturing abroad would be natural in some sense. It may work, provided the regulatory issues and infrastructural and cross-border operational integration challenges can be handled. Chakrabarti sees problems, but he is not pessimistic. The industry should be growing steadily in the years to come. There is likely to be a shake-up with some consolidation and exits, and rates may stabilize or even rise a bit. What we are seeing is not so uncommon for new industries recall the dot com bubble and bust in the first kind of Internet growth when players overshoot on the basis of overoptimistic projections. This may be the time for a reality check and reassessment for the players as well as regulators. But in the long run , the prospects for the industry are quite good. The future of the industry needs to be seen across various timelines, says Raman of TSMG. The next six months will see new operators completing their footprint and at least tercet serious operators launching services in the country. All of this points to an intense phase of competition and price cuts. Factor in the 3G auction, and one would see infra par profitability for telecom companies over the next six to eight quarters. The industry could also expect to see consolidation as much as and as fast as regulation allows it to happen. According to Parida, the number of players in the Indian market has led to fragmentation, and that eeds to be addressed. We feel market forces essential be allowed to have a freer play in India and that will certainly lead to a consolidation phase ahead. Telecom, particularly mobile telephony, has frame an integral part of Indias social and economic fabric. As an industry, it is here to stay. The i ndustry will stay, but not the large number of companies in the fray, according to Raman. Operators with access to resources through internal accruals or credit lines will stand to gain from any coming consolidation. Conclusions The Indian telecom sector could be going the airline way.Once the rising star of India Inc, the local telecom industry is now grappling with the problems of overcapacity created due to unregulated lending, new licensing norms and excess vendor financing. The growth is evident as mobile phones are becoming common. In a country of 1. 15 billion, the mobile subscriber base totals about 500 million people. New as well as existing operators are expanding infrastructure to service more people at lower tariffs. The same trend was witnessed in the aviation sector, which has now nose-dived from its peak in 2007. According to industry estimates, elecom operators are ready with lines to accommodate another 200 million people in the next one year. Hypothesis on future trends of structure conduct and performance of Industry Hypothesis Supporting psychoanalysis Consolidation is the only way for further growth and there will be less than 5 players in next 3 years ?Every Players suffers from Churn Rate which would pose pressure on the players to maintain growing the subscriber base ?Industry / Market which is close to due date cannot support this many players ?Only rural markets are having lower tele slow-wittedness which may apparently show some potentiality owever due to very little ARPU of Rural Customers , companies will not be able to secure revenue targets All players including the ones which maintain premium image yield to price war pressure and will experience revenue loss and high cost ?Already a no-holds-barred price war has driven down billing rates to under a cent a minute, strike revenues and profits of market leaders such as Bharti Airtel and Reliance Communications. ? advertize billboards have sprouted everywhere offering new per -second billing plans. Who wins who looses? familiarity Supporting Analysis Bharthi Airtel would stay and emerge as a igger MNC ?Having predominate the industry for the last half decade Airtel seems to have learnt the tricks of the trade and has do the market leader in a short span of time. ( see exhibit 4) ?Having adapted innovation agenda Airtel has out sourced part content activities like IT to service providers like IBM, have gained the core focus on the product development, promotion and delivery. Company is also developed long term sustainability focus by building force on Unified Services Delivery platform to leverage on the consolidation plans ?Looking for supranational route for further growth and expansion hich was evident from its move to get into MTN, though this has resulted in a set back to do duel listing form _or_ system of government issues , Bharti Airtel will look forward to time its future moves and will be back in action when the legislation changes ?Ho wever due to a massive subscription and growth Airtels quality of service has taken a serious hit due to network congestion , this could be a major weakness and lead to increased fag rate ( See Exhibit 5) Reliance Likely to Stay ? hold up achieved 2nd position in the Industry in a short span of time. ?With a huge capital base Reliance will surely be one of the 4 5 layers who would remain in the Industry Vodafone Likely to Stay and Grow ?One of its key competency is growth by acquisition and integration ?Being a global player with financial capability Vodafone may be a major beneficiary of any shakeouts that happen and consolidations that occur in the near future Tata CDMA and GSM to Stay ?The Tatas, already have an established presence in the market through Tata Indicom. ?For the Tata Docomo, the paisa per second plan appears to have worked. According to TRAI data, the number of telephone subscribers in India increased to 525. 65 million at the end ofOctober, up from 509. 03 mi llion in September. Tata DoCoMo grew 23. 16%, the highest for all operators. In absolute verse, the Tatas added about four million subscribers against three million each for Vodafone and Bharti and two million for RCom. This is no flash in the pan in July and August, the Tatas showed the fastest growth as well. BSNL ? Likely stay in the long term as a WireLine and Enterprise Service Provider with its cost leadership strategy. ? marvellous to do well in the mobile space due to lack of Innovation , Flexibility , Organization Structure , Performance Management reasons. Idea Cellular ?Having adopted few of the strategies from Airtel , Idea has also jumped into Outsourcing, technology capability development. However it is highly unlikely to stay in the market without cursorily developing its international plans Other New Entrants ? Uninor, controlled by Norwegian telecom company Telenor, is the 14th player to enter Indias cellular market, where subscriber numbers are rising so fast that in October the country added a record 16. 67 million users. Through Innovative campaigns Uninor has gained quick access and a decent subscriber base, however its future plans are not clear and company will soon fail to emonstrate the uniqueness in value proposition and aggression that is required to stay in the market. ?But after soaring growth, industry revenues are flattening as rivals slug it out in a savage price battle ?Etisalats triumph in Emirates is mainly in the Enterprise Services Space. Their public sector management out look and style, Organization design and performance ?Etisalats Islamic Origin may become a major weakness in succeeding in Indian Market Appendix Exhibit 1 Indian Telecom Industry Key Milestones Year Key Milestone 1975 Department of Telecom (DoT) was separated from P&T. DoT was responsible or telecom services in entire country until 1985 when Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited (MTNL) was carved out of DoT to run the telecom services of Delhi and Mumbai. 1981 In a move towards liberalization , Prime Minister Indira Gandhi gestural contracts with Alcatel CIT of France to merge with the state owned Telecom Company (ITI), in an causal agency to set up 5,000,000 lines per year. But soon the form _or_ system of government was let down because of semipolitical opposition. She invited Sam Pitroda a US based NRI to set up a Center for Development of Telematics(C-DOT), however the plan failed due to political reasons. During this period, after the ssassination of Indira Gandhi, under the leadership of Rajiv Gandhi, many public sector organizations were set up like the Department of Telecommunications (DoT) , VSNL and MTNL. Many technological developments took place in this regime but still foreign players were not allowed to participate in the telecommunications business. 1990 Telecom sector was opened up by the governance for private investment as a part of Liberalisation-Privatization-Globalization policy. Therefore, it became necessar y to separate the Governments policy wing from its operations wing 1994 The demand for telephones was ever increasing. It was during this period that he P. N Rao led government introduced the national telecommunications policy NTP in 1994 which brought changes in the following areas ownership, service and regulation of telecommunications infrastructure. They were also successful in establishing adjunction ventures between state owned telecom companies and international players. But still complete ownership of facilities was restricted only to the government owned organizations. Foreign firms were eligible to 49% of the total stake. The multi-nationals were just involved in technology transfer, and not policy making. During this period, the World Bank and ITU had advised the IndianGovernment to liberalize long distance services in order to relieve the monopoly of the state owned DoT and VSNL and to enable competition in the long distance carrier business which would help reduce tar iffs and better the thriftiness of the country. The Rao run government instead liberalized the local services, taking the opposite political parties into confidence and assuring foreign involvement in the long distance business after 5 years. The country was divided into 20 telecommunication circumferences for basic telephony and 18 circles for mobile services. These circles were divided into category A, B andC depending on the value of the revenue in each circle. The government threw open the bids to one private company per circle along with government owned DoT per circle. For cellular service two service providers were allowed per circle and a 15 years license was given to each provider. During all these improvements, the government did face oppositions from ITI, DoT, MTNL, VSNL and other labor unions, but they managed to keep forth from all the hurdles. 1995 The government set up TRAI (Telecom Regulatory Authority of India) which bring down the interference of Government in d eciding tariffs and policy making. The DoT inappropriate this.The political powers changed in 1999 and the new government under the leadership of Atal Bihari Vajpayee was more pro-reforms and introduced better liberalization policies. They split DoT in two- one policy maker and the other service provider (DTS) which was later renamed as BSNL. The suggestion of raising the stake of foreign investors from 49% to 74% was rejected by the opposite political party and leftist thinkers. Domestic business groups wanted the government to privatize VSNL. Finally in April 2002, the government decided to cut its stake of 53% to 26% in VSNL and to throw it open for sale to private enterprises.TATA finally took 25% stake in VSNL. This was a penetration to many foreign investors to get entry into the Indian Telecom Markets. After March 2000, the government became more liberal in making policies and put out licenses to private operators. The government further reduced license fees for cellular service providers and increased the allowable stake to 74% for foreign companies. Because of all these factors, the service fees finally reduced and the call costs were cut greatly change every common middle class family in India to afford a cell phone. 1995 India has become one of the fastest-growing mobile markets in the world.The mobile services were commercially launched in August 1995 in India. In the initial 56 years the average monthly subscribers additions were around 0. 05 to 0. 1 million only and the total mobile subscribers base in December 2002 stood at 10. 5 millions. However, after the number of proactive initiatives taken by regulator and licensor, the monthly mobile subscriber additions increased to around 2 million per month in the year 2003-04 and 2004-05. 1999 The New Telecom Policy in 1999, the industry heralded several pro consumer initiatives. Mobile subscriber additions started pickaxe up. The number of obile phones added throughout the country in 2003 was 1 6 million, followed by 22 million in 2004, 32 million in 2005 and 65 million in 2006. As of January 2009, total mobile phone subscribers numbered 362 million, having added 15 million that month alone. India ranks second in mobile phone usage to China, with 506 million users as of November 2009. 2000 The Government of India corporatised the operations wing of DoT on 01 October 2000 and named it as Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL). Many private operators, such as Reliance Communications, Tata Telecom, Vodafone, handbuild Mobile, Airtel, Idea etc. successfully entered the high potential Indian telecom market. 2005 The mobile tariffs in India have also become lowest in the world. A new mobile connection can be actuate with a monthly commitment of US$0. 15 only. In 2005 alone 32 million handsets were sold in India. 2007 Going forward on its Globalization Strategy Vodafone Takes over Hutch in India for 11 Bil USD 2008 In March 2008 the total GSM and CDMA mobile subscriber base in the country was 375 million, which represented a nearly 50% growth when compared with previous year. Exhibit 2 India Telecommunication Industry Facts and Figures Exhibit 3 Subscriber Base in Key StatesState Subscriber base Wireless density Maharashtra 58,789,949 51. 96 Uttar Pradesh 57,033,513 26. 32 Tamil Nadu 45,449,460 63. 66 Andhra Pradesh 37,126,048 42. 58 West Bengal 32,540,049 34. 28 Karnataka 28,867,734 46. 76 Rajasthan 27,742,395 39. 09 Gujarat 27,475,585 45. 49 Bihar 27,434,896 25. 04 Madhya Pradesh 24,923,739 33. 09 All India 471,726,205 37. 71 Exhibit 4 operator wise wireless subscriber base in India As of September 2009 Operator Subscriber base Bharti Airtel 110,511,416 Reliance Communications 86,117,663 Vodafone Essar 82,846,046 BSNL 58,756,598 Idea Cellular 51,454,402 Tata Teleservices 46,796,033Aircel 25,728,633 MTNL 4,680,141 Loop Mobile 2,495,087 MTS India 1,960,532 HFCL Infotel 379,654 All India 471,726,205 Exhibit 5 Performance of QoS Parameters for Cellular Mobile Services List of References 1. www. airtel. com 2. www. vodafone. com 3. Trai. gov. in 4. The Indian Telecom Services Performance Indicators July September 2009 5. www. bsnl. com 6. www. uninor. in 7. Indian telecom news. com 8. www. indian-cellular. com 9. www. wikipedia. com 10. The Economic Times 11. Harvard Business Review 12. Wharton Publications 13. Etisalat IT Organization Restructuring Engagement Experiences an IBM Case Study

Free Space Optical Communication Essay

Free space opthalmic talk is the closely growing communication because it is easy to install and has a high speed because the omen is transmitted in the air. So that will introduce the atmospheric affect in the optical wave propagation. Atmospheric turbulence causes fluctuations in both the force and the phase of the certain signal. So we need to study the effect and the restriction if we introduce a free space optical communication scheme with dual wavelength (980 nm, 1550 nm). Also studying the effect of turbulence when using twain different wavelengths.IntroductionFree space optical communication is a kind of communication that use clean-cut propagation to send info amongst 2 points. Free Space Optics are capable of up to 2.5 Gbps of data, voice and video communications through the air, allowing optical connectivity without requiring fiber-optic telephone line or securing spectrum licenses. So we green goddess use LEDs or Laser for transmission data. Free Space Opt ics (FSO) technology is relatively simple. Its built on a optical maser transmitter and a recipient role to provide full duplex capability.Each FSO unit uses a high-power optical source, a lens that transmits light through the atmosphere to some other lens receiving the information. The receiving lens connects to a high-sensitivity recipient role via optical fiber. Because the transmission in occurred in air it is easily upgradable. FSO send a light post from one point to a nonher using low power lasers in the teraHertz spectrum. This gleam is transmitted by laser light rivet on photon demodulator liquidators. These receivers collect the photon stream and transmit digital data. If at that place is a clear line between the two point FSO terminate operate on a distance of several kilometers as long we have a powerful transmitter.Features of the laser communications system discipline unremarkably in the form of digital data, data is entered to be adjust by the laser sou rce transmitting electronics. Coding techniques can be utilize now or indirectly depending on the type of laser used. Output source passes through the optical system in the channel. The opthalmic system unremarkably involves the transfer, beam shaping, and the telescope optics. Beam receiver comes in through the optical system and passed to the espial and signal procedureing electronics. on that point is also a terminal control electronics that must manage gimbals guidelines and other mechanisms, and machinery, to maintain and track the acquisition of the operating system designed in the mass of the process. In order to communicate, you must have received nice expertness by the detector to distinguish signal from noise.Laser power, optical transmission system losses, pointing out shortcomings of the system, transmitter and receiver antenna gains and losses, receiver, receiver and loss tracking, are all factors that force in the establishment of the receiver power. The requ ired optical power is determined by data rate, detector sensitivity, configuration modes, noise, and detection methods. When the receiver is to detect the signals, it is in fact the decision-making regarding the temper of the signal (digital signal is sent when the distinction between the ones and zeros).There are two types of distributions one when the signal present (including the amount of photocurrent due to the background signal and the current detector in the dark), and one when there is no signal present (including sources of no signal current only). A threshold must be developed to increase the success rate and reduces the error rate. as yet when there is no signal present, the fluctuation sources of no signal give-up the ghost periodically to the threshold to be exceeded. This is an error stating that the signal exists when there is no signal present. Distribution of signal may also fall on the other side of the threshold, so any errors stating that the signal is going to encounter even when the signal is present.SecurityFSO systems work in the near infrared light wavelength range slightly above the visible spectrum. So, the human eye cannot intelligibly see the transmission beam. The wavelength range is around 1 micrometer that is used in FSO transmission. The kiboshion of FSO operating systems with narrow beam in the infrared unearthly wavelength is by far the more difficult. Small diameter of the beam is usually only a few meters in diameter in the sign site are one of the reasons that make it extremely difficult to intercept the communications of the FSO. Intruder must know the exact origin or target of the infrared beam and intercept only within a very narrow angle of beam propagation. Intercept packets directly from the FSO networks between remote locations is impossible mainly because the beam passes through the air usually at a higher altitude than at ground level. collectable to the fact that the transmission beam is not visible, and that any attempts to block the beam can occur near the FSO point of access and the process of transmutation poses another obstacle.Capture the signal from the location that does not fall directly within the path of light with photons of light scattered from aerosols, fog, rain, or molecules that may be present in the atmosphere is almost impossible because of the energy levels are very low use infrared through FSO process transmission. The main reason for the exclusion of this possibility of intrusion is the fact that light is an ally and statistically isotropic in different directions from the path of the real propagation. This specific mechanism keeps the total number of photons or the amount of light beam that can potentially be collected on the detector that is not placed directly in the beam path beyond the detection level of noise.Atmospheric turbulenceAtmospheric turbulence can abrogate the performance of FSO systems. The changes in temperature and pressure in the atm osphere lead to changes of the refractive index along the transmission path. These changes can make the quality of received signal fade and causes fluctuations in the intensity and the phase of the received signal. These fluctuations can limit the performance of the system. The atmosphere is a viscous fluid and it has two state motions 1) laminar (there is no mixing in the air molecules) 2) steamed (there is mixing that creates eddies). Atmospheric turbulence can be physically depict by Kolmogorov theory. The energy of large eddies is redistributed without loss to eddies of decreasing surface until finally dissipated by viscosity. The size of turbulence eddies normally ranges from a few millimeters to a few meters, denoted as the inner scale and the satellite scale, respectively. So the index of refraction n is very sensitive to pocket-size scale temperature fluctuations (temperature fluctuations are combined with turbulent mixing). So, the index of refraction is the most impo rtant in optical wave propagation.Because it behaves like a inactive additive. So the spectrum of index of refraction can be described by Kolmogorove spectrum n () = 0.033 Cn 2 -11/3 , 1/L0

Organizational Structure Presentation Communication Methods Essay

As the manager of Lakeview Nursing and Rehabilitation Center, we ar now going to propose a new addition to our facility, we would same to propose a new addition of long term wish services as well as the short term dish out services that we atomic number 18 providing write out on the inpatient and outpatient basis. The future of the increase of this company, deeply on this new addition to our facility. We allow be in need of new experienced workers for areas like therapy, doctors, nurses and counselors that will work with the patients and their families. Communication, will have to be our number one factor to finding the business souls for the jobs, and the growth within the community as well. Our communication should be lento to understand and accurate. Effective communication is important and we should all be on the same page. Leadership should involve good communication, and they should be walking around talking to employees, this way you will see what their skills are in this heavens and will improve the growth inheringly and externally.Effective internal communication should start with having good listening skills, questioning skills as well as feedback. Sharing information with the staff is a good effective communication. When it comes to internal relationship in the health care setting, the most important person is the patient the one who has the needs that we need to coiffure sure they get. The main reason behind this is because acquisition integration has led to more besotted examination of support services.There is also a higher prospect of customer service that we will experience as consumers. The external relationships that mustiness be considered in the creation of this long term care are state, local and the federalgovernment. Each of these have their own regulations that we need to know and follow. You should also be aware of the consumer advocacy program as well, to organise sure that the consumer is getting the best care pos sible.We also need to make sure that the proper training and hiring is done as well, with all this be said this is my proposal of the new addition to the facility.

Anti Guns on Campuses Essay

Guns be a double-edged sword when it comes down to it. Guns provide many population the aptitude to feel safe and protected, while other guns are constant proctor that some freedoms are taken too far. Guns privileges are abused, misused, and mistreated. Young people glorify toting weapons like its a new fashion statement. absentminded the fact, that what in reality is causing uproar and panic amongst everyone else. That is why I feel like guns should not be allowed on college campuses.Asking a young person to take the responsibility of not only carrying solely carrying a gun around on a college campus is a quite a little to ask of a college aged young adult. Most people in college struggle with grasping a full-course load, let alone walking with a gun, or the fact that someone unbeknownst to them could be carrying an automatic weapon. The possibility is not brilliant if a stance occurs we should let the proper administration handle it, in a professional manner in which they are paid to do so. Law enforcement is more than just capable of doing their job, in a professional sense. It makes sense for law of nature to patrol all throughout a college campus to keep peace. Asking an 18- 24 year old who is console mentally and emotionally adjusting to life and new experiences is too much.College campuses are truly safer than the surrounding communities where an actual 93% of crimes that occur against college students take place. That in it of itself is an essence opener to those for gun on college campuses. College campuses are a safe heaven, where students locoweed be at ease, and be at peace knowing that they are protected 24/7. Lawmakers should take joy as well. Campus police is very doing whats asked of them and doing it above and beyond. Police are doing what is asked of them. Now imagine if a student or even faculty member such as a teacher with no crisis training is asked to respond to an emergency fleck? Many if not most would panic and not how to respond to the situation at hand. Situations could lead to disaster, so why not leave that to the professionals. intelligibly not having guns on college campuses has worked so far. Why would society decide to transpose that now? The negatives outweigh the good in every facet. Yes like with anything on that point are positives, but those positives are few and far between. Students and faculty arent trained to handle the pressures and stress that come with dealing with carrying a sloshed weapon on campus. Law Enforcement does a heck of a job, in protect all persons on campuses now. By switching that up, you are making police officers job even way more difficult, asking them to distinguish in crisis situations who and who isnt the culprit. Making them find out who has the gun? Guns should be allowed on college campuses period.

Handicraft Industry in Nepal

Industry in Nepal industrial Social Work Submitted by Submitted to Bikina Chhetri Kesh M entirelya 6th Semester Date 1st October, 2010 image Handi patronages ar unique expressions that represent a purification, tradition and the heritage of a area. Nepal is well cognize for its exotic Handicrafts legacy and tradition. A wide post of Nepali Handicrafts represents the diversity of Handicrafts Tradition in Nepal.Handicraft is an artwork that needs rattling(a) chaste skills and creative mastery. Variety of designs and finishes are available in Nepali food trade that reflects excellent artistic skills of craftsmen. . Handicraft, also known as craft work or simply craft, is a type of work where recyclable and nonfunctional devices are made completely by sight or using only simple tools. Usually the term is applied to handed-down means of making goods. The individual artisanship of the items is a paramount criterion such items often have heathen and/or religious significa nce.Handicrafts were the predominant put to work of production until the appearance of large-scale machine persistence, with which they coexist, although they have lost oftentimes of their former importance. The characteristics of crafts are the use of simple implements of labor the decisive importance of the artisans skill, which makes possible the production of high-quality, artistic goods and minor(ip)-scale production, in which the artisan works alone or with an extremely limited figure of speech of assistants. Often, the notion of handicrafts does not include internal handicrafts, which are designated by rough(a) early(a) term.For ex amperele, peasant domestic handicrafts may be known as domestic diligence. Sometimes, only commissioned handicrafts are included in the concept of handicrafts, and handicrafts for market are referred to as cottage industry. The term handicrafts sometimes designates commissioned work and marketed work only at the stage when artisans ar e small-scale, economically independent producers who personally own the means of production. Nepali Handicrafts can be categorized into two major divisions Traditional/ConventionalProducts such as coat statues, ethnic costumes, traditional silver jewellery, wood carving, religious and ritual objects wish well bells, vajra, stone sculpture, metal utensil, paubha painting, ceramics, Handmade Paper, Hand Knitwear, filigree, Bell, Vajra products are traditional Nepali crafts. Contemporary/Modern Products like home furnishing material, floor covering, modern painting, patina products, dumbfound toys, macrame (knot crafts), pashmina, leather products, modern silver jewellery gift ware, decorative items, dolls & puppets, crazy hats, batik, bead crafts, bone & horn products, inhering plainlytons, felt craft etc. re some of the modern forms of Nepali handicrafts. Origin Handicrafts emerge with the rise of human productive activity. Developing on with technology below unlike social formations, handicrafts assume various forms. In conformity with the stages of the social division of labor, they are usually subdivided into domestic handicrafts, commissioned (made-to-order) handicrafts, and handicrafts produced for the market. Domestic handicrafts, the earliest form, prevail before handicrafts develop into an independent orbit of the economy.Produced by the members of a household to satisfy their own needs, they are an natural part of the subsistence economy. Nepali handicraft history can be traced moxie to the Stone Age when human beings were inadequate of tools of any kind. The history of artistic handicrafts only began during the 5th Century A. D. , when different pietys began to form their bases among the great deal of Nepal. and so we see a lot of religious influence on Nepalese handicrafts. Introduced by the Nordic Aryans, mixed with different groups of Mongolians, nurtured by Buddhist and Hindoo concepts adapted the taste of market.The histo rical increment of Nepalese handicraft industry is real old although has its rise and falls. According to the reference found in Kautilyas Economics about various productions and exports from Nepal, during the time of Chandra Gupta Mouriya, in fourth century, Nepal was known for quality rainproof woollen blankets. The blankets were made of eight pieces joined in concert of black colour known as bhiringisi as well as apasaraka. Similarly the good quality blankets are mentioned in the epics of Jain religion Brihatakalpasutra Vhashya. Various famous Chinese travellers like Wanghunshe and Huansang in 648 A.D. have apprehended Nepalese arts and crafts and the skills of Nepalese craftsmen and artisans in their travelogues. From the beginning up to the mid-nineteenth century, the rulers of the country promoted national industries and occupation to various measures of production, promotion and encouragement. Saving national industry only imported commodities which were not produced loca lly. Towards the end of the nineteenth century Nepalese arts and crafts industry and the entire home based industries in oecumenic suffered a lot due to the general liberal import insurance of the government.Prior to the establishment of British regime over India and entering a quiescence treaty with Tibet in 1904 A. D. Nepal was interpreted as the main roadway to Tibet for remote trade with other countries. But the treaty of 1904 A. D. facilitated the British to open a new route between India and Tibet through Chumbic Valley and the trade route treaty of 1923 A. D. between Nepal and British India, which was not in favour of Nepal and had very unfavourable effects twain on industries and on flourishing trade of the country. In Nepal, the production of handicraft is an age-old practise.Novel handicraft is also develop in harmony with changing market taste. For the last 2530 years, export of handicrafts has been growing. The tuition of handicraft attends the conservation of n ational heritage and culture of country which in return contributes to appease poverty by creating line of merchandise opportunities. The handicrafts of Nepal is produced in a traditional way, from generations to generations leading the footpath of ancestors or from founder to grandfather to father and to son and this continuity has break-dancen the survival to Nepalese handicrafts, preserving their heritage, cultural values, aspects and tradition.More recently, these arts and crafts is one of the major exporting industry of Nepal, earning foreign exchange and providing employment to thousands of Nepalese craftsmen, artisans, promoters and businessmen generating revenue to government. at that place are many online websites on Nepalese handicrafts, which are used by global customers for ordering products. Importance to the Development and Economy Handicrafts have remained stronger in economically underdeveloped countries, where they still account for a significant percentage of the output.Even in these countries, however, handicrafts are giving way to factory industry. Handicrafts have both cultural and economic importance for any country. Handicrafts are the potential medium to hold open back the rich traditional art, heritage amp culture, traditional skills amp talents. On other side handicrafts play significant authority for economic development in Nepal and provides ample opportunities for employment and boosts the tourism industry.Handicrafts in Nepal are associated with different festivals, rituals, religion and beliefs as there is diversified culture and tradition all over the Himalayan kingdom, like Mandla Art, Buddha jayanti, Christmas Decorative, Buddhist Sculptures, Sculptures of Hindu Deities, and Mithila arts from Janakpur. There is a huge demand for Nepalese handicrafts products in both domestic and international market. Major part of Handicrafts Industry is dominated by small amp medium scale enterprises. To deliver quality products amp come to the demand amp supply there is need of greater technical support amp innovativeness in industry.Handicrafts are an integral part of Nepalese Culture and will continue to play a major role in the Cultural and Economic well being of Nepal. MAJOR exportation COMMODITIES 1990/91 Rs. Mn Carpets (hand knotted woolwn) 3701. 99 Readymade garments 1343. 57 Jute amp jute products 1343. 57 Hides and skins 277. 70 Pulses 241. 67 Vegetable oils 215. 00 Oil cake 87. 50 Niger seeds 86. 50 Catechu 76. 5 Ginger 61. 40 Handicrafts 49. 18 Silverware and jewellery 44. 67 (source ministry of industry of Nepal) The above given result shows that handicraft also plays a significance role for the economic development of the country. Not only has this but it also helps in utilization of raw materials and creating employment opportunities for the people. So, it can be termed as one of the vital area to work for increasing the GDP. league of Handicraft Association of NepalFederation of Handicraft Asso ciations of Nepal was established in 1972 to fire and promote handicraft trade and industry. Originally, its name was Handicraft Association of Nepal (HAN). It is registered under Institution Registration Act of Nepal. It is a service oriented non-profit make-up of private sector business and artisan community. It helps its members to improve their productivity, explore markets and realize them to the international arena. It also works as liaison between its members and the giving medication and Non- political sympathies Organizations. The Government of Nepal has not specified a typical policy for handicraft.The handicraft has been included inside the industry policy while there is a Federation of Handicraft Association of Nepal which works hand in hand with government and has developed some functions for handicraft which are 1. bring up seminars, symposiums and conferences on various topics relevant to strengthening the handicraft trade amp industry. 2. Organize exhibition and trade fairs to highlight handicraft products amp create general awareness in its usage. 3. Activate and increase contacts with National and International Agencies for the egression of handicraft trade amp industry. . Explore additional markets for the handicraft products. 5. engraft award in recognition of highest export and best craftsmanship. 6. Arrange elaboration in international trade fairs amp exhibitions for its members. 7. Publication of news bulletins, books, catalogues, members directory and other materials relevant to promote handicraft trade amp industry. 8. Act as catalytic agent for management of training programmes for the benefit of its members. 9. Documentation amp dissemination of information regarding handicraft trade amp industry. AnalysisThe market of handicraft is increasing twenty-four hour period by day. Now a days people are showing their interest in handicrafts as it looks beautiful, attractive and primitive. In my view it is important to understand t he present kingdom of craft trade and the experience of the people who produce and sell crafts. The measuring stick of each handicrafts product at the outlets is generally small due to which the people involve in this business are not able to discover attention from the government. A major problem in supplying the retail outlets is that they order very small quantities.Due to the small scale of their business, they might keep products on consignments and pay groups for what they sales and return what does not sell. Craft groups are rapidly loosing ground due to some reasons like most of artisans do not get to elate about the schemes made for them. Even if they hear also, they dont seem to be getting more benefits as they are unable to compete in larger urban market, both domestic and international. At the producers and financial constraints, lack of raw materials, changes in market trends are the problem that has to be tackling in this business.On the other hand Government of Ne pal is also not much interested in handicrafts as it has not declared any policy for handicrafts. But somehow many nongovernmental organization and other small scale industry have given it some priority and have been working accordingly. May be this will help the government to realize the importance of handicraft in future and give special priority towards it as a means of economic development of the country.References www. wikipedia. com www. ekantipur. com www. fhan. com. org www. moics. gov. np

Acquisition Of Metaphor Through Teaching Culture Education Essay

The research follow exiting critically go bad the scholarship of allegory through teaching civilization to Iraqi educatees of face as a 2nd linguistic conversation. Additionally, the research get out conduct to illume the assorted challenges resting different Iraqi scholars when analyzing face as a 2nd linguistic communication through metaphors. It go forth in all case test to supply recommendations that will c ar get the better of the challenges all composition good as how best to expend metaphors in assisting Iraqi scholar learn English. Due to globalization characterized with free motion of people, capital goods and services, it has deal to be of paramount signifi open firece for all human races to endeavor to larn at least a foreign linguistic communication ( MacArthur & A Littlemore, 2008 ) .As a consequence a figure of states deviateicularly in Middle East have resorted to larn such linguistic communication theory as English to assist them get by with the bubbling phenomenon of globalisation. even so their desire has been marred with a figure of challenges particularly when such mechanisms as utilizing metaphors be employ. It is deserving observing that bookmans such as Straub, 1999 suggested that the best vogue to learn a foreign linguistic communication to scholarly person is to utilize their civilization. This can be done successfully when the learners argon made sensible of their civilization every arcminute good as supplying them with several(prenominal) sort of meta-language in order to speak intimately civilization ( clinical depression et al.2008 ) .The research is of a batch of secondance as it closely analyzes acquisition of metaphors by non English speech production Iraqi pupils. The findings will be of importance to assorted stakeholders such as instructors of English as atomic number 42 Language ( ESL ) , pupils, instruction sectors, other research workers and larning organic law at sorry every bit goo d as Non-governmental Organization,The developed recommendations will be adopted by larning establishments to assist them successfully teach pupils English, a linguistic communication that is non native to them. Not transporting out this research will intelligibly externalize that the assorted ways of integrating metaphors in learning English, the challenges confront will non be brought to visible shaft.Research inquiryBased on the research subject, three major(ip) inquiries were developed to steer the cogitation. These areHow are metaphors used through teaching civilization to assist Iraqi pupil learn English? ( Littlemore, 2009 )What are the challenges confronting both instructors and pupil when utilizing metaphors?What are the major recommendations that will assist control the above said challenges and surrogate English acquisition?Literature reappraisalThe chief aims of learning civilization to pupil are it assist them to develop a clear comprehension of the item that all sh ow behaviours that are profoundly rooted from civilization, societal shifting/ demographic features do every bit good as topographical point of abode do impact on how persons communicate, stimulate their intelligent wonder with respects to certain civilization hence promoting empathy towards others, developing readiness to advert but a few ( Littlemore, 2003 ) . This therefore was seen as an passageway that can be successfully used to learn English via metaphors.It is of import to bear in head that legion theories have been brought Forth to assist do the inquiry, how do scholars get foreign linguistic communication? Traditionally, grammar interlingual version methods were used to learn pupils foreign linguistic communication theory. It entailed memorisation of long enumerate of vocabularies that were translated. Later in the old ages, the focal point shifted to coming up with linguistic communication accomplishments such as authorship, listening, reading and speech productio n. Whether knowingly or unwittingly the phase of learning foreign linguistic communications actively involved utilizing metaphors ( Littlemore, 2004. One renowned bookman, Light created a metaphor with the purpose of assisting situated up the assorted elements of grammar so that it could be used to learn English as 2nd linguistic communication.Leeboard held that metaphors and associating theories, portion the guarantee to form thought by puting in gesture an interaction surrounded by familiar and or comprehensible on one manus and the topic to be explained on the other. Metaphor has the ability of showing significance by mentioning to a different conceptual sphere and has been thought as a vehicle through which erudition is transmitted. Harmonizing to Laoff & A Johnson, 1980 metaphors are poetic mental imagery and the rhetorical flourish a affair of extra banausic instead than ordinary linguistic communication. The major types of conceptual metaphor normally used are str uctural metaphor, the beginning sphere supplies a moderately drawn-out cognition construction for the mark construction . They help increase linguistic communication catching. Ontological metaphors are those that have abstraction and represent something deep for depicted object objects or a individual. Learners are made to visualise experiences via objects. Last, orientation metaphors add even less conceptual construction for mark constructs than ontological 1s. Their cognitive occupation, alternatively, is to do a set of mark constructs coherent in our conceptual system ( Kovecses, 2002 ) .Data accumulationThe research will use a assorted research design method. It is of import to observe that theoretical visual modality calls for deeper excavation of assorted publicationss runing from diaries, state-supportedations, books, other signifiers of literature and from the cyberspace ( Boers & A Littlemore, 2000 ) . soft research will besides be employed in the position the attack seeks to contextualize the research by plunging the research worker into the evaluate scenario every bit good as with the survey topics. Hypothesiss are developed and breedings is store and the consequences tend to be subjective. A instance survey as a sub type of qualitative research is used to guarantee that the survey is flexible plenty to urinate the research worker room to forecast into issues that were non antecedently thought of and could be deserving being brought to visible radiation ( Tabachnick & A Fidell, 2000 Littlemore, 2004 ) . Anterior to existent aggregation of informations, a pilot survey will be carried out in order to assist set the questionnaires whenever deemed necessary.Questionnaires will be used to roll up relevant information I will administer them to respondent situated in the targeted establishment of higher(prenominal) acquisition and would be collected subsequently at an in agreement day of the month. Harmonizing to Beiske, ( 2002 ) ques tionnaire covers a big population at a even up as they would be distributed to different participants at a clip and be collected subsequently or at the same twenty-four hours depending on the willingness of the responded in turn toing the inquiries, due to it being standardized they are more nonsubjective, informations collected from questionnaire are easy to analyse, due to acquaintance with the tool, responded will non be discerning, it is besides really cost effectual as compared to confront to confront interviews, the tool besides reduces prejudice.The questionnaires will be issued to who are in a place to Iraqi pupils in higher instruction as they are in a better place to supply the mandatory set of informations. Additionally, instructors will besides be sought-after(a) after to give more penetration. Harmonizing to Littlemore, 2001 the major job with questionnaires as a tool of informations aggregation is that there is inclination of respondent to bury critical information, t hey may reply the inquiries superficially when it is a long one, to counter this I developed a short but really inclusive questionnaire, due to standardisation, there is no room for account incase respondents misinterpret or make non understand the inquiries ( Littlemore, 2005 ) .The information will be collected from Iraqi pupils in higher instruction and will be done over a pas de deux of one month. As indicated by Littlemore, 1995 Littlemore & A Chevalier, 1997 some of the ethical contemplation includes the followers the targeted sample populations that will be involved in the survey to supply relevant information are to be informed about the same in progress. The grounds for transporting out the study every bit good as how they stand to derive from the survey will besides be brought out clearly.As good, research moralss demands that the information be sought after by the research worker will be provided in good religion, and voluntarily without any influence be it pecuniary or otherwise for case giving of inducements, wagess, and gifts. It is of import to observe here that the rights and public assistance of the participants involved in the survey must be protected and guaranteed. To make this, their individualities will be kept confidential. Furthermore, the information collected trance beging for informations is to be kept confidential and opt non to be used in any other purpose apart from what was ab initio intended for ( get-go & A Littlemore, 2009 Littlemore, 1995. ) .Methods of analysisAfter informations aggregation, coding will be done. SPSS statistical package will be used in analysing informations. To set up which point airs as being the greatest challenge in utilizing metaphor in learning English, a cross tabular bailiwick analysis will be done. Similarly, correlativity and arrested development analysis will be done to prove the relationship between the challenges and acquisition of metaphor through civilization instruction. Descriptiv e statistic will be used to picture demographic features every bit good as other variables. This will be in signifier of tabular arraies, graphs and charts ( Chambers et al. , 2004 ) .Original partThe paper will make full the spread in literature sing major challenges confronting metaphor acquisition through teaching civilization. much significantly, the recommendations to control these challenges will be a encouragement to the literature in linguistics. The research subject has non been tackled and presented for an award of any grade in any establishment of higher acquisition hence it is my ain piece of work. It will put land to further understand the whole issues with respects to challenges and what can be done in future to control such jobs in linguistic communication acquisition particularly English to non native talkers ( Boers & A Littlemore, 2000 Littlemore & A MacArthur, 2006 ) .

Plato: Knowledge Essay

We all continue to gip new things in life solar day in by day out incessantly increasing our friendship is essential to sustain existences life path on this earth. Knowledge discharge be sought in different ways but to truly sample knowledge, matchless has to read, understand by dint of experience and believe what the word of matinee idol says about credence. Acquiring knowledge through our five virtuosos and faith, both conk out us insight on competing ways of getting at the truth. A person who reads, write and believes in the word of God leave behind start out rich with knowledge but the latter will not.Moreover, in enact to fall upon knowledge, 1 has to be taught it or teach him or herself (because serviceman are not born with the ability of knowing they must generate it) through observation and reasoning through faith. Different views exhibit on how knowledge is pass ond. One may say through common sense and observation, cadence another may say through teach ers and peers. According to the philosopher Plato in Platos Allegory of the Cave, Certain professors of teaching method must be ill-use when they say that they faeces aim knowledge into the nous which was not there before, like sight into blindness.The power and capacity of engageing exists in the soul already and that just as the eye was unable to turn from darkness to light without the whole body, so too the instrument of knowledge can only by the movement of the whole soul be sour from the world of becoming into that of being. In making this comment, this Greek philosopher argues that, everyone has the capacity to learn because knowledge is present in the soul thus we all can acquire knowledge and wisdom by recollecting and putting together what in fact the soul already knows.Plato is right that humans have the dexterity to gain knowledge, but he seems on more dubious object when he claims that knowledge is already present in ones soul. I find this to be unconvincing b ecause humans seek education to learn something which they didnt already know. For example an adolescent may muse upon why the hairs on his arms and legs grow very short while the opposite occurs on his or her head. But through an education in biology in his or her later years, he or she will come to find out that each hair follicle on ones body part will grow different depending on where it is located on the body part.The young adolescent never had this knowledge about hair follicles public treasury he was taught it. So therefore, knowledge doesnt already exist in the soul. One has to gain it in pasture to have it but we all have the ability to achieve it if we put in effort. In regards to observation, reasoning through faith must as well be looked into to fully attain the knowledge that is essential to lead the outperform life and attain happiness. Observations only gives us half of the knowledge we fate to acquire, faith gives us the rest.In Scullys view from the X-Files, As untold as I have my faith, Father, I am a scientist, skilled to weigh evidence. But science only teaches us how not why. In other words, Scully is motto that, knowledge without faith leads us only half way we have to come full circle in tramp to completely gain absolute knowledge. I agree that this statement is professedly because without faith, ones knowledge is worthless. For example, before Copernicus, most scientists believed that the earth was the means of the instauration, thus the sun revolved around the earth.But through faith and reasoning, Copernicus came to conclude that it was rather the earth that revolved around the sun, making the universe we live in heliocentric and his jurisdiction is held to be true till this day. The two concepts go hand in hand one cannot achieve absolute knowledge without faith and reasoning/observation. In order to achieve knowledge through faith, we must walk through the ways of our ghostlike leader. In The Francis Trilogy of Thoma s of Celano, Thomas of Celano writes, AhInclined and strengthened by the consecrate Spirit the blessed servant of the Most High, seeing that the appointed time was at hand, followed that blessed impulse of his soul. Thus, as he trampled upon worldly things, he made his way to the greatest good. In other words, Thomas of Celano is saying that, St. Francis detached himself from matters of the world by following Christ, who fortified him with the Holy insure and the Holy Spirit enabling him to transform his worldly ways to correspond the will of God, thus St. Francis gained his faith through the knowledge of the word of God.In order for St. Francis to have faith, he had to have knowledge of God, which he acquired through his experience asking God for enlightenment and through the visions he had that order his will to Gods. Reason and faith leads to wisdom and knowledge, without it, the knowledge that one acquires is corrupt and useless. Others may disagree saying that one can wit hal have knowledge without faith, but knowledge without faith leads you nowhere because you chill out havent really gained full understanding of the subject matter.

Beverly Cleary Author Study Essay

Hi, my name is Beverly Cleary. I am an author of over thirty books for children and adults. I have indite many demonstrate winning books. I worked as a bibliothec when I was younger. Thats where I got the idea to compose about nondescript kids.I was born in McMinnville Oregon on April 12, 1916. My dad was in the war. When I was a child I was al styles around books. in short me and my family moved to Portland. I attended grammar and high school there. I raise myself in the low indication circle. When in third grade I was told by the public librarian You should frame a book. I unbroken that in mind. When I was 34 I wrote my first book, heat content Huggins.The way I check the ideas for the books is from my own experiences like my childhood or different kids childhood. Maybe I would see an article in the newspaper or a magazine. almosttimes it would just seem to come out of delicate air. Once two boys who didnt know each other asked me to write a book about a child of div orce. Thats how I got Dear Mr. Henshaw, my Newberry winner. One street that most of my characters live on is Klickitat highroad which is a real street in Portland.I have win many awards for my books. For example, Dear Mr. Henshaw won the Newberry Medal in 1984. Ramona and Her gravel was do a Newberry Honor Book in 1978. Ramona Quimby, eld 8 was made a Newberry Honor Book in 1982. The Newberry award is one of the most prestigious awards given to authors for their contributions to literature for children. In 1984 the U.S. made me a nominee for the Hans Christian Andersen award.Two of my books atomic number 18 Henry Huggins and Ribsy. Some ways they are alike are that they have the same characters Henry Huggins, Ribsy, Ramona, and Beezes. They both have a both have problems concerning animals and they take buns on the same street. Some ways they are different are that they have different problems. In the book Henry Huggins, Henry has scores of small problems with his pets, whi ch are not life and death situations. In the book Ribsy, Ribsy the dog has one big problem. He gets lost and he inescapably to figure out how to get back to his owner, Henry Huggins. This is a big problem for a dog because he doesnt want to get hit by a car or get killed or hurt by other animals.My books are about ordinary kids and the things that play to them. Theres usually a problem or two and the characters find interesting ways to solve them. I like to write about ordinary kids because its something kids can relate to and enjoy reading without thinking its a hassle. Kids tell me they like my stories. I forecast you do too.

History Part B

Controlled assessment part b i. authority 1 is from the The position patrol Force A Political and Social History written by Clive Emsley, published in 1991. It suggests that the police were unable(p) at halt/preventing major crimes such as robbery. However, they were effective at stopping kid crimes in the local community. reppresentation 2 is A Plaint by a Pliceman, a poem published in trailer magazine in the late nineteenth century.It alike suggests that the police were ineffective at stopping/preventing major crimes and that limited the effectiveness of the Police. However, the image as well as suggests that the police were effective at stopping/preventing minor crimes but that was seen as stoping little boys from playing ball. Representations 1 and 2 call for a number of exchangeableities. First of all Rep 1 and 2 limn the electro ostracise attitude towards the Police. This is shown by belief among many of the working kinfolk that there was a justness for the rich and a nonher, harsher law, for the poor.In some atomic number 18as, they allowed fights and other law breaking activities, which they wouldve acted against elsewhere. From delegation 2, i can spot that it agrees with archetype 1 as it says The streets re quite unsecured they say, Youre robbed and mobbed in broad noonday But little boys they mustnt play. Representation 1 also gives the impression that the Police were up to(p) of preventing petty crimes but they differ in t champion. This is shown by what the police were specially good at, was apprehending those who committed petty street offences . Representation 2 is similar and i know this from Stop little boys from playing ball, or resettlement away an apple stall. Finally, Representation 1 suggests that the police themselves were not to blame for their ineffectiveness. I know this from The police never had sufficient workforce to suppress disorder entirely. Representation 2 is similar as it suggests Well, if from growls you can refrain, it aint of us you should complain Youve got thank SIR RICHARD MAYNE. Representation 1 and 2 have a number of contrarietys.First of all Rep 1 gives a negative view towards the police but it differs in attitude compared to Representation 2. This shown by the fact that Representation 1 gives negative view towards the police but it gives some positives of the Police, therefore giving balance argument. However, Representation 2 gives a generally one sided view of the police, which is negative. The representation doesnt seem to take into account the other side of Policing, creating a one-sided and biased view. Both representations differ in tone.I know this as Representation 1 gives an academic style, due to the language use of goods and servicesd. You must also take into account that its from a textbook. Meaning that it will have to be fair when creating a judgement of the Police. Representation 1 tends to use words such as however and although. Representation 2 is w hole one sided being exaggerated. Emotional language is used, in order to figure of speech a negative view image of the police. I know this from the exaggeration and comparison of petty street offenders to boys They bids me chivvy little boysIn inference the two representations are mostly different as the first representation gives a balanced view making a conclusion at the end after evaluating all points. Whereas, the 2nd Representation gives a negative focus and tone towards the Police without even considering the usefulness of the police. The main indicate for this is Representation 1 concludes that Although theyworking class may not have liked the Police, they make that the police force were there to protect and serve the community.By final in this manner, it shows that there is an understanding as to why the police are judged in a certain way but gave a earth as to why the Police were existent and that was to put order in society. Whereas, Representation 2 portrays the Po lice as useless when considering all the crimes that the Police should prevent. Representation 2 considers the Police as muckle who only put a plaster on the wound sort of than healing the wound, in a sense. The downside for Representation 2 is that it is completely one sided which allows a lot of criticism to be made.The most important areas of disagreement is the tone and focus. I say this because, there is a clear difference because of the tone and focus. Representation 1 is a formal and factual particle focusing on all aspects of policing, thus, allowing the endorser to understand the Police decently and leave the reader to make his own judgement. However, when it comes to Representation 2, the piece is cosy and focuses only on the negative aspects of the Police. The piece doesnt allow the reader to make his own judgement fairly.

An Integral Part Of A Democratic State Essay

Elections atomic number 18 an integral part of a democratic state. The strain is sometimes compose forward that democratic democracy should be the basis for a full-page semipolitical system, a replacement for parliamentary democracy. Representative institutions based on one person one vote determine the principles and general rush of an elected government. Participatory democracy can supervise the work of the administrator and state apparatus. The importance of service Take waste. The same principles of daily and ongoing democratic processes could be applied to education, transport, and social services.Formally, representative democracy does form the final say. Participatory democracy, in a complementary relationship to electoral function, thus has the potential to move societies further towards the democratic ideals of popular witness and political equality. I believe that a strong and aw be genteel society keeps their elected representatives on their toes, by asking q uestions through organize interest groups all of whom press their causes on government, sometimes through political parties and through independent lobbies.Participatory democracy provides a real alternative, or complement, to elected business office a distinct and organized public field of battle in which the demands of the community can be articulated, developed and negotiated between separately other, and finally negotiated with the local or other relevant state institutions. Conditions for participatory growth In order for participatory democracy to attain authenticity and reinvigorate democratic politics as a whole, certain conditions study to be in place.The aim for participatory institutions is essentially to share decision-making power with government, to exercise some control over the work of state institutions and to monitor the implementation of governments decisions. The process must get results in the sense that these parties are able to use their electoral legit imacy to try the importance of the participatory process. If participatory democracy spreads, the institutions of representative government may lose some power to the new participatory sphere.The new systems of managing public resources through a combination of electoral and participative democracy bring an general gain in democratic legitimacy and as a result, potentially, in democratic power. I believe that participatory democracy and the election process should be in the forefront in advocating transparency among government officials and their constituents. It is similarly important that citizens should be more informed and involved because the main argument of a democracy is the constant participation of people with regards to political debates and decisions.With start the peoples involvement, government leaders will not hold eyeshots of power in the first place. Grassroots parties that are well represented at bottom the halls of congress should not just advocate the thin gs that they think are important, alone they also should stand as role models for the people who do not have the chance e realday to sit in a position of power. It is inevitable in a democracy that sometimes elections become an discover in itself. With this in my mind, I believe that people who go out to vote and those who pass on the opportunity to vote must constantly respect the final verdict whether it favors them or not.Yes, it is an issue because sometimes it is very easy for people to point fingers and start up a dish the dirt that an election is fixed. For me, the only solution for this issue is to improve the way elections are being held. As a voter myself, it would also help if we get ahead our society to go out and vote. Apathy sometimes can kick back on us. We should take care of our rights as citizens and voters to be more aware of the situation and act accordingly. By doing so, we protect ourselves from being short changed by the very institution, which the sole purpose is to protect us.

Greek Culture vs Roman Culture

Greek agri tillage VS. papistic Culture Gabraille Driscol American InterContinental University HUMA215-1204D Ms. Cheryl Lemus Abstract Many race be unaware of just how alike the Romans and the Greeks are. They have numerous of the same finales because they fitting them from individually some other. From modern art to the gods and goddesses. Everything that the Greek have the Romans also has. Yes in that respect are a a couple of(prenominal) changes that have been extracted throughout the deuce scarcely they are similar to each other in many another(prenominal) ways. Roman gods are known as the same thing that Greek gods are. plainly they have different names for them.The Roman culture is very un inflexible and focus of the greater favourable of the gods and mankind. These are just some of the few things that are focused with the Greeks and the Romans. The Greece culture was one just like what the freshly World went through. Their period was made up of Polis better k nown as city states. Their society was broken up between free peck and slaves. The free mickle kept the slaves. The slaves worked without pay many time and did sternly labor such as the slaves of the 20th century. Many slaves lived with their master, but were all over work and almost never paid.As their society evolved so did the people. They changed from free people to free men. They were divided between Citizens and Metics. If you were a citizen than both of your parents were from the Greece decent. Metics were foreign people that came over to Athens from other places to learn a craft. Many of them were hale to serve in the military. Metics also had to pay taxes and would never be considered a citizen. Women had no rights in the Greece culture any foreign affairs they were intricate in was because of their husbands or a man they were involved with.When it came to their giving medication many citizens were thought to serve on the government after taking take off in the mili tary. The Greek agriculture system was called gear ups, they had three orders. They were doric, garret, and Corinthian. Parthenon is an order of Doric the temple of Athena Parthenos (Virgin), Greek goddess of wisdom, on the Acropolis in Athens. The Parthenon was build in the 5th century BC, and despite the enormous damage it has uphold over the centuries, it still communicates the ideals of order and harmony for which Greek architecture is known.Ironic order is The Temple of Apollo at Didyma The Greeks make the Temple of Apollo at Didyma, Turkey (about ccc BC). The design of the temple was known as dipteral, a term that refers to the two sets of columns surrounding the interior section. These columns surrounded a small chamber that housed the statue of Apollo. With Ionic columns reaching 19. 5 m (64 ft. ) high, these ruins suggest the former grandeur of the antediluvian patriarch temple. The territory of Greece is mountainous, and as a result, past Greece consisted of many sm aller regions each with its own dialect, cultural peculiarities, and identity.Regionalism and regional conflicts was a prominent feature of ancient Greece. Cities tended to be located in valleys between mountains, or on coastal plains, and dominated a certain area around them. The Roman culture was very much like the Greek culture because much of it was select from the Greek. Much of the roman culture is still in our world today. They built bridges and sewers which we still use today. They help to develop wells and other sources to get water. The roman ideas were much of the ideas that are still used in today economy.They created the death games and gladiators which we still use today. Much of our culture was vary from the Romans. They came up with many things that the U. S. has to thank them for. Roman theater came from the Greek as well but more developed. They came up with many adlibs and improv that Shakespeare used and many new sitcoms use today. The roman a d Greek gods and goddesses overlap many of the same attributes but have different names. The roman government was run by priests who were mentors between both men and gods.They maintained the good will and support for Rome. Lastly the roman philosophers were the Greek philosophers. References N. S. Gill, Roman Culture An introduction to the culture of Rome, especially the Roman Republic. (2012). Retrieved on November 2012, Retrieved from http//ancienthistory. about. com/od/culture/tp/061511-Roman-Culture. htm Ancient Greece, (2012) Retrieved on November 2012, retrieved from http//www. ancientgreece. com/s/Culture/ Ancient Greece, 21 October 2012 Retrieved on November 2012, retrieved from http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Ancient_Greece

Asian American history Essay

There are so many Asian American cultural productions, such as import automobiles, fashion, and art. However, the most valuable cultural production is forage because cooking and eating pick out been the oldest gracious activities since human evolution started. Spreading of the polar cultures and races food became more the like art and fashion, but it still remains a fundamental dissociate of our daily lives.Fashion and art vary in style by their origin, and each of them yields the aspects of their culture very potently, but not as strongly as their food. Unlike fashion and art, traditional food impacts peoples physical traits. Many countries have their own traditional food, such as China which is well known for its Chow-Mien, Japan for its Sushi and India for its Curry.These different food from the different regions, have strong effects on people who live in that region. All traditional food has refined differences in their nutrition, but that sm exclusively difference ca n cause a big difference, if they are consumed daily. As an example, American food has higher fat percentage than Japanese foods or Indian foods. This results in Americans having higher chances of becoming obese than Japanese or Indians. It means each regions symbolized food determines their sectionistics or the individualism of their race.In Rush Hour 3, there was a scene where, lee and Carter were having a relationship conflict. Lee, who is Chinese, ordered fried chicken on the ph peerless while Carter was in China town ordering Mu-Shu for his dinner and they were both recollecting each other. This scene in the movie strongly shows each characters cultural and racial identity Black people delivering KFC and Chinese peoples take-out food.As the modern Asian American population continues to develop and evolve, we are also witnessing a fascinating transformation of Asian ethnic cuisine as it blends traditional and contemporary aspects into a unequivocally Asian American creation .Many American and Latino children in the get together States tend to be more overweight than any different races sustainment in the United States. The interruption of childhood obesity is related to the spread of modernization and its advertisement on television. Race is a decisive aspect in the study of media and nutrition for two important reasons. The first gear reason is nutritional problems such as childhood obesity are more prevalent among African-American children than among White children in the United States.The secondly reason is that the food advertisements aimed at African Americans tend to associate inkiness with less healthy food options. Stereotypes of races are also applied in food as well, which is White priority. In Neil Gotandas article of Multiculturalism and racial Stratification, she utter, how multicultural techniques can function to maintain the centerpiece of the old racial order- white privilege. (Wu & Song, Pg.380)Today, a variety of cooking shows, cookbooks and restaurants become the new aim for multiculturalism. Combining of different cultural foods in cardinal service is not expert great. By putting several cultures into one single dish causes more troublesome issues like Asian Americans abstruse historical and symbolic relationship with food production, distribution, and preparation. (Nguyen & Tu, Pg.179)Some of the strong American heartland cities like Chicago refuse to admit Chinese and Middle east food as regular food because of Asian Americans cultural blur of their origin. Asian Americans came to the United States to fill the necessity for the showy labor in the agricultural industry and to work as meatpackers and take-out speech communication men in the modern day period. The long history of Asian American labor in the food production and service industries caused invisibility in the pleasures and presence of Asian, especially Chinese, cuisine.Martin F. Manalansan IV, the author of the article, Cooking up th e Senses, stated Asian Americans relationship with the material and symbolic aspects of food is part of their go on marginal and abject status in the American cultural imaginary. (Nguyen & Tu, Pg.180) notwithstanding the blurriness of their cultural identity, Asian Americans are symbolically and stereotypically linked to their food, which is uncomplete fully Asian nor American.Fusion cuisine has been very popular straightaway because of its bright and modern idea. However, its bright and modern idea is good in one point of view, but bad in another. The topic of alignment cuisine became an important source of conversations about cultural in authenticity. (Nguyen & Tu, Pg. 186) The show East Meets West, run by the host, Ming Tsai, is a famous Asian American cooking show. From the comment of this forty-five year old Indian man, the Asian dish is not incongruent to the atmosphere of the show, which is very American. some other Asian Americans also commented on the irony of the show , where Ming Tsai, who has a typical Asian-looking appearance, speaks just like the big Irish men who work in seawall Street. Despite the Chinese-ness of Tsais image and body, and the recipe ingredients, music, and other show accoutrements overtly marked as Asian, participants evaluated the chef and the show as being very American and Western. (Nguyen & Tu, Pg. 186) The mixing of all different kinds of cultural ingredients is too chaotic and they were making everything culturally illegible.The most important cultural production in ones race is food. Cooking was very simple before the archaean civilizations. However, as the civilizations developed, people started to separate themselves by forming communities. Each community tended to have different cultures depending on their region. Each region has its own symbolic food determining their characteristics or determining the identity of their race. Food production is one of the most unique ways to express ones cultural identity, whic h becomes a basis of ones racial identity. However, the mixed ingredients of all different cultures make food culturally illegible and blur its racial identity.