The International Labour Migration Economics Essay

The International Labour Migration Economics turn upThere has been considerable debate well-nigh the effect of cast upd prod migration from developing countries to developed nations. Many commentators have argued that such increase in migration is informed by scotch factors and that those who transmigrate from developing countries drain the pitying capital resources of sending nations which in the long run, negatively affects their economy. On the another(prenominal) hand, other scholars believe that migration helps the economy of developing countries as the incomes they receive by way of remittances contri providede significantly to reducing poverty and their gross national product GDP Moin Siddiqi, 2008.People migrate for various causations, which may be as a outcome of civil wars, un physical exertion, changes overdue to the environment, or to improve their sample of living. Sociologists on the other hand, have long analysed migration in terms of the jabbing -pull m odels (A project of the Levin Institute, n.d, p.8.) The model differentiates between push factors that push people to march on their home countries from pull factors that attract migratorys to other countries or new locations. Migration has continuously been a dominating fact of our everyday life Kathleen Beegle and Carlo Azzarri 2004 and mankind has endlessly lived with it even in biblical times. For example, Jacob, the father of Joseph and members of his family left Cannaan for Egypt because of severe paucity that swept through the middle-east belt where they lived at that time The Bible, Genesis 45.ii delimitate of the paperIn discussing the reasons for migration, the essay will first and foremost get to define migration and why it happens by examining push and pull factors which sociologists refer to as the main reasons for migration and their effect on sending nations. The essay will march on discuss the empirical effects of migration on sending nations during the last 20 years.iii Organisation of the essayThe essay will be organized somewhat four sections namelyWhat is migration? wherefore does it happen?Empirical effects of migration on sending countries.ConclusionSection 11.0 What is migration?Migration is the heading of persons from one uncouth or location to a nonher. Migration is common to wholly living creatures and it is often do for survival and frugal reasons by those seeking to migrate. For example, some birds migrate harmonize to W. Alice Boyle and Courtney J. Conway in the report of their re seem findings, explained that it is not just whether you eat insects, termites, ragweed or candy bars or where you eat them, it matters how reliable that food source is from day to day. In the case of humans, the World posit estimates that on that point atomic number 18 currently 200 million people living in countries where they were not born Russel, nd The global mobility of skilled workers has increased in late years according to the report due to the expansion of the knowledge economy, the reform-minded globalization of markets and companies, the growing command for scarce skills and wider governmental and stinting issues. This increase in global mobility is a practical reality of the inter-independence that affects us all and is not necessarily a problem except where critical skills infallible by source countries be lost and ar not quickly replaced a brain drain Myburgh, 2002.1.1 Migration BarriersMigrations come in legal and ill-gotten forms and while countries seek and promote integrated markets through liberalization of bargain and investment, they have largely resisted liberalizing migration policies. Many countries have extensive legal barriers preventing foreigners from unveiling for purposes of seeking work or residency according to World Bank in its report Globalisation, Growth, and Poverty. In fact, immigration policies crossways the world are getting tighter as governments attempt to l imit the economic, cultural and security equal of large movement of people from one unsophisticated to another. Despite the indisposition of governments to liberalise immigration policy, the number of people living outside their country of origin is rising. (A project of the Levin Institute, n.d, p.2). According to the 2010 joined Nations Human Development Report, unsettleds cover for approximately 3.1 percent of the world people as of 2010.Section 22.0 Why people migrateA poll conducted by Gallup Polls across 82 countries revealed that more(prenominal) than one in four participants displayed a craving to move abroad. The figure when put together, represents a median of about 26 percent. In certain countries, such as Sierra Leone, Ghana and Nigeria, more than half(prenominal) of participants surveyed said they wanted to emigrate. On the lower end, participants in Thailand 8%, Australia 8%, and Saudi Arabia 1% displayed nearly no desire to emigrate A project of the Levin In stitute, n.d, p.2.People migrate for various reasons, bringing back what I said earlier when I mentioned a a few(prenominal) reasons, which may be as a result of civil wars, unemployment, environmental or climatic changes or to improve their measurement of living. The major cardinal reasons encouraging an individual to migrate can be divided into push or pull factors. The former refers to circumstances which come on migrants to leave the country of origin while the latter refers to the attraction that ferment migrants leave for a particular destination country because of the special skills and proficient training the migrant possesses which the developed country may be absent in quantity Gbemiga Bamidele, 2001 check date.2.1 Push FactorsPush factors come in many forms. Sometimes these factors leave people with no choice however to leave their country of origin. Following are one-third examples of push factors that drive people to emigrate from their home country.a Unemploym ent/Poverty Economics provides the main reason behind migration. In fact, according to the International Labour Organization, about half of the total population of current migrants, 100 million women and men migrant workers, have left home to find better job and life style opportunities for their families. In some countries jobs simply do not exist for a great deal of the population. In others, the gap between the rewards of labor in the sending and receiving country are great enough so as to warrant a move. The unemployment situation in developing countries is a grown problem to youths who have left schools waiting to be engaged in the labour market and the various governments who find it difficult to find a solution to it.In Morocco for example, unemployment which represented less than 17% of the economic causes of expatriation before 1960, far behind the search for a more remunerative work 50% or the improvement of the living standard 25% became the principal economic cause o f transportation in the 90s. According to the data collected by Hamdrouch 2000, 41% of answers ? indicate unemployment as the first cause of emigration whereas the search for a more lucrative work and the improvement of the standard of living represent 38% and 14% respectively as the reasons for emigration Fida Karam, Bernard Decaluwe, 2007.In Kenya, it is reported that people are unable to contribute to the economic growth, not because they are weak, but because they are unable due to lack of jobs. Those who are qualified, willing and dedicated are unable to secure themselves a job. other reason for unemployment is the low education level of a large function of the population. Because they lack the technical knowledge and cannot specialize in carrying out roles in factories they, for example, are unable to secure a job. Another is the high population growth rate which also is a major factor that has do Kenya not to secure jobs because of the high competition and fewer jobs Patr ick Kioko Katli, 2000.?.In Nigeria, the two decades of economic stagnation and micro-economic instability, corruption and poor resource management, most Nigerians curiously young people consider migration as a panacea to economic problems. In recent years, there has been unprecedented rate of rural-urban migration and emigration into other countries of Africa, Europe and America. For example, due to migration and subsequent urban growth, Lagos a city in Nigeria, which did not appear in the list of fifteen largest cities in 1950, work the fifteenth position in 1955 and is expected to jump to number three position in 2015 with over 24 million inhabitants Toredo, 1997. As regards movement outside Nigeria, there has been a remarkable increase in emigration to Europe, North America, the Middle East and South Africa from the 1980s following economic down-turn, introduction of liberalisation measures and emergence of repressive military dictatorship Adedokun, 2003. Thousands of professio nals, specially scientists, academics, and those in the medical fields have emigrated mainly to Western Europe, the United States of America and the Persian Gulf States. At the same time, unskilled Nigerians with elfin education have gone abroad to work as highroad cleaners, security guards, taxi drivers and factory hands. In Southern Nigeria, for example, between 50 and 80 percent of households have at least one migrant member Bah et al, 2003. Migration is considered essential to achieving success and young men who do not migrate or commute to town or abroad are often labelled as idle and may become design of ridicule.India has recently experienced a surge in emigration due to a combination of these factors. Indias unemployed have never been properly estimated, but they could total 100 million, with a further annual job hurt rate of around 10 million as the global fadeout continues to take its toll on the Indian economy. Globalisation. The number of skilled workers attack ou t of Indian universities has never been higher. Meanwhile, the number of domestic jobs available to them is minimal. but about 0.7m jobs a year have been created in the past few years, most of them in the public sector. This will not keep skilled workers in the country. Many instead go to the United States, where their skills and their lower net demands are sought after by high-tech companies. In fact, about 40 percent of recent immigrants from India to the U.S. have been accepted due to employment based preferences, thus showing the high degree of American corporations demand for Indian skilled labor. As the population grows at 20 million per year, and more and more students graduate from technical universities, India may experience a great deal more emigration.b Civil Strife/ War/ policy-making and Religious PersecutionPeople also migrate to avoid civil strife, war, political and religious persecution in their own country. For example, when there was widespread political excit ement in Albania which eventually led to war in 1999, there was spile exodus of people from the country, which by 2001 had led to one sixth, possibly even one fifth of the countrys population leaving abroad. Initially, people left by sea to Italy and move to other European destinations, including the UK. Eugenia Markova.